The Possibility of Using Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu × Paulownia fortunei Hybrid for Phytoextraction of Toxic Elements from Post-Industrial Wastes with Biochar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experiment Design
2.3. Analysis of Experimental Substrates
2.4. Analysis of Elements in Soil and Plant Samples
- Step 1—Exchangeable/extractable fraction (F1): 40 mL 0.11 M acetic acid was added to a 100 mL centrifuge tube containing 1 g of dry soil sample and sieved through a 2-mm grid. The samples were then shaken at room temperature for 16 h. The supernatant and solid were decanted and kept for further analysis. The residual solid was rinsed twice with distilled water (2 × 10 mL) by shaking for 15 min. After centrifugation, the liquid was decanted and discarded.
- Step 2— Reducible fraction bound Fe–Mn oxides (F2): 40 mL 0.5 M hydroxyloammonium chloride solution was added to the centrifuge tube containing the residue from step 1. The samples were shaken once more at room temperature for 16 h. The samples were then centrifuged and treated as in step 1.
- Step 3— Oxidizable fraction bound to organic matter (F3): 10 mL 8.8 M hydrogen peroxide solution was added to the Step 2 residue. The contents were digested first at room temperature for 1 h, then at 85 °C in a water bath until approximately 1 mL of solution was obtained. Then 50 mL 1 M ammonium acetate was added and shaken for 16 h at room temperature. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation and kept for further analysis. The solid was rinsed as before.
- Step 4— Residual fraction (F4): The residue remaining at the end of step 3 was digested in aqua regia solution and the concentration of REEs was determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES 5110, Agilent, USA).
2.4.1. Sample Processing
2.4.2. Instruments and Quality Control
2.5. Determination of Arsenic Species in Soil and Plant Samples
2.5.1. Preparation of Samples
2.5.2. Instruments and Quality Control
2.6. Biochemical and Physiological Parameters of Plant Response to Substrate
2.7. Statistical Analysis and Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Substrates Properties
3.2. Paulownia Hybrid Growth
3.3. Element Uptake and Distribution in Paulownia Plants
3.4. Quantitative Analysis of the Extraction Ability of Paulownia
3.5. Pigment Content in Paulownia Leaves
3.6. Phenolic Metabolites in Paulownia Leaves and Roots
3.7. LMWOAs in Paulownia Roots
4. Discussion
4.1. Biomass Yield and Phytoextraction Efficiency of Paulownia Hybrid
4.2. Physiological Response
4.3. Paulownia as an Effective but Invasive Remediator
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Control | FT | FT/BR | MS | MS/BR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granulometric composition of soil | sand 2–0.05 % | 84 | 34 | 39 | 1 | 7 |
silt 0.05–0.02 (%) | 14 | 60 | 54 | 89 | 85 | |
clay < 0.002 (%) | 2 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 8 | |
granulometric fraction | S | SiL | SiL | Si | Si | |
pH | H2O | 5.39 e ± 0.34 | 8.30 b ± 0.04 | 8.49 a ± 0.01 | 8.19 c ± 0.04 | 7.94 d ± 0.02 |
EC | mS | 0.27 d ± 0.01 | 0.44 c ± 0.01 | 0.51 e ± 0.04 | 6.75 a ± 0.16 | 6.53 b ± 0.06 |
CEC | meq/100g | 22.6 c ± 4.01 | 186 b ± 6.9 | 188 ab ±12.5 | 198 ab ± 5.74 | 201 a ± 4.28 |
Base cations (meq/100g) | Ca2+ | 2.60 c ± 0.03 | 181 a ± 6.66 | 182 a ± 12.5 | 142 b ± 5.13 | 144 b ± 3.25 |
Mg2+ | 0.29 c ± 0.02 | 4.15 b ± 0.16 | 4.26 b ± 0.05 | 43.2 a ± 0.53 | 43.9 a ± 1.04 | |
K+ | 0.04 d ± 0.00 | 0.82 c ± 0.01 | 0.84 c ± 0.02 | 3.63 a ± 0.04 | 3.42 b ± 0.04 | |
Na+ | 0.32 d ± 0.01 | 0.54 c ± 0.04 | 0.74 b ± 0.03 | 9.62 a ± 0.11 | 9.54 a ± 0.11 | |
Base cations saturation (%) | Ca2+ | 11.8 c ± 2.38 | 97.0 a ± 0.02 | 96.9 a ± 0.16 | 71.5 b ± 0.53 | 71.6 b ± 0.52 |
Mg2+ | 1.34 c ± 0.36 | 2.23 b ± 0.01 | 2.27 b ± 0.14 | 21.8 a ± 0.42 | 21.9 a ± 0.42 | |
K+ | 0.20 d ± 0.04 | 0.44 c ± 0.02 | 0.45 c ± 0.04 | 1.83 a ± 0.03 | 1.70 b ± 0.04 | |
Na+ | 1.42 b ± 0.30 | 0.29 c ± 0.01 | 0.39 c ± 0.05 | 4.86 a ± 0.10 | 4.76 a ± 0.15 | |
Total | 14.8 b ± 3.05 | 100 a ± 0.00 | 100 a ± 0.00 | 100 a ± 0.00 | 100 a ± 0.00 | |
Bio-P | mg P2O5/100 g | 37.9 a ± 1.61 | 4.26 d ± 2.11 | 2.73 d ± 1.04 | 19.7 b ± 1.55 | 14.4 c ± 1.78 |
Bio-K | mg K2O/100 g | 1.98 c ± 0.06 | 20.5 b ± 0.59 | 20.7 b ± 0.33 | 119 a ± 2.53 | 116 a ± 0.62 |
ST | % | 0.01 c ± 0.00 | 0.09 b ± 0.01 | 0.10 b ± 0.00 | 1.86 a ± 0.26 | 1.92 a ± 0.04 |
TN | 0.05 b ± 0.01 | 0.03 bc ± 0.01 | 0.03 c ± 0.01 | 0.25 a ± 0.01 | 0.26 a ± 0.01 | |
TC | 0.91 c ± 0.08 | 5.97 b ± 1.13 | 5.82 b ± 0.22 | 11.4 a ± 0.16 | 11.9 a ± 0.34 | |
TOC | 0.80 d ± 0.04 | 1.01 c ± 0.14 | 1.41 b ± 0.53 | 4.27 a ± 0.06 | 4.28 a ± 0.05 | |
SIC | 0.10 d ± 0.04 | 4.96 b ± 1.00 | 4.41 d ± 0.37 | 7.13 a ± 0.18 | 7.62 a ± 0.28 | |
TOC/TN | 16.1 c ± 2.90 | 30.5 b ±1.96 | 41.9 a ± 8.96 | 17.3 c ± 0.46 | 16.5 c ± 3.18 | |
CHA | 0.31 a ± 0.02 | 0.11 b ± 0.01 | 0.14 b ± 0.01 | 0.32 a ± 0.03 | 0.30 a ± 0.05 | |
CFA | 0.20 a ± 0.07 | 0.04 bc ± 0.01 | 0.04 c ± 0.00 | 0.05 b ± 0.01 | 0.04 c ± 0.00 | |
C HA/CFA | 1.72 c ± 0.57 | 2.82 c ± 0.53 | 3.94 b ± 1.66 | 6.54 a ± 1.86 | 7.50 a ± 1.25 | |
CHumins | 0.29 d ± 0.09 | 0.79 c ± 0.04 | 1.75 b ± 0.05 | 3.90 a ± 0.18 | 4.14 a ± 1.06 |
Element(s) | Control | FT | FT/BR | MS | MS/BR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 1240 c | 26,900 a | 26,100 a | 23,300 b | 22,700 c |
K | 279 c | 7170 a | 6840 a | 3160 b | 2950 b |
Mg | 188 c | 4190 a | 4020 a | 3210 b | 3220 b |
Na | 118 c | 383 b | 365 b | 566 a | 476 a |
P | 438 a | 350 b | 346 b | 439 a | 405 a |
Al | 2217 c | 18,100 a | 17,700 a | 9220 b | 9130 b |
As | 6.46 c | 31.1 b | 25.5 b | 11,500 a | 11,100 a |
As(III) | bDL | 6.18 b | 5.82 b | 1020 a | 987 a |
As(V) | bDL | 4.98 b | 4.52 b | 10,290 a | 9970 a |
DMA | bDL | bDL | bDL | 42.4 a | 8.06 b |
Asorg | bDL | 19.9 b | 15.2 b | 150 a | 135 a |
B | 1.60 c | 4.48 b | 3.00 bc | 117 a | 110 a |
Ba | 92.0 c | 564 b | 543 b | 4750 a | 4600 a |
Be | 1.29 c | 1.84 a | 1.65 b | 1.47 bc | 1.31 c |
Bi | 1.67 b | 1.47 b | 1.41 b | 5.62 a | 5.38 a |
Cd | 1.31 b | 1.54 b | 1.35 b | 1730 a | 1670 a |
Co | 1.30 c | 8.65 b | 8.23 b | 102 a | 95.9 a |
Cr | 4.26 c | 21.5 b | 21.4 b | 619 a | 616 a |
Cs | 157 c | 933 a | 901 a | 586 b | 528 b |
Cu | 3.18 c | 5009 b | 4780 b | 7870 a | 7710 a |
Fe | 2520 c | 7550 b | 7290 b | 27,900 a | 27,300 a |
Hf | 1.35 a | 1.51 a | 1.49 a | 2.00 a | 1.92 a |
Hg | 1.54 b | 1.90 b | 1.64 b | 70.9 a | 67.3 a |
In | 2.98 a | 4.05 a | 3.16 a | 5.95 a | 5.26 a |
Li | 2.50 c | 24.6 a | 23.9 a | 19.6 b | 17.8 b |
Mn | 116 d | 970 a | 873 ab | 731 bc | 697 c |
Mo | 1.89 c | 6.61 b | 3.75 bc | 19.4 a | 18.2 a |
Ni | 2.23 c | 14.1 b | 12.4 b | 572 a | 496 a |
Pb | 17.1 c | 56.8 b | 53.4 b | 1666 a | 1646 a |
Rb | 3.23 c | 42.4 a | 37.8 a | 18.2 b | 18.1 b |
Re | 1.48 a | 1.75 a | 1.56 a | 2.02 a | 1.64 a |
Sb | 4.37 b | 4.85 b | 3.88 b | 229 a | 207 a |
Se | 20.3 c | 25.6 b | 22.5 b | 179 a | 171 a |
Si | 348 c | 819 ab | 743 b | 850 a | 723 b |
Sn | 2.08 c | 31.7 b | 22.5 b | 179 a | 171 a |
Sr | 4.74 c | 361 a | 340 a | 193 b | 152 b |
Ta | 1.31 b | 1.59 b | 1.49 b | 4.06 a | 3.83 a |
Te | 5.15 c | 9.15 b | 6.71 bc | 21.4 a | 19.9 a |
Th | 3.48 c | 12.7 b | 12.2 b | 31.0 a | 32.6 a |
Ti | 239 c | 350 a | 316 b | 334 a | 322 ab |
Tl | 3.27 b | 4.16 b | 4.00 b | 191 a | 182 a |
V | 7.37 c | 25.5 b | 23.7 b | 123 a | 122 a |
W | 3.00 b | 3.58 b | 3.15 b | 1230 a | 1220 a |
Zn | 14.2 c | 53.7 b | 52.9 b | 12,500 a | 12,300 a |
Zr | 4.08 c | 8.66 b | 7.09 b | 65.7 a | 63.3 a |
NE | 49.8 c | 114 b | 76.2 bc | 808 a | 535 b |
REEs | 32.5 c | 82.9 a | 72.1 ab | 76.4 a | 55.8 b |
Element(s) | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | FT | FT/BR | MS/BR | Control | FT | FT/BR | |
Ca | 652 a | 412 b | 320 b | 610 a | 585 a | 442 b | 270 c |
K | 241 b | 245 b | 209 c | 283 a | 272 a | 264 a | 172 b |
Mg | 66.6 b | 43.3 c | 21.0 d | 92.2 a | 104 a | 49.6 b | 22.1 c |
Na | 38.6 b | 39.2 b | 40.9 b | 54.7 a | 55.5 a | 59.8 a | 43.3 a |
P | 131 a | 7.10 b | 7.04 b | 12.3 b | 97.6 a | 12.3 b | 7.06 b |
Al | 18.9 ab | 17.3 ab | 10.8 b | 58.8 a | 21.7 a | 21.3 a | 13.3 b |
As | 0.08 b | 0.10 b | 0.05 b | 1.42 a | 0.12 a | 0.13 a | 0.06 b |
B | 1.40 a | 0.47 b | 0.35 c | 1.85 a | 0.72 a | 0.46 b | 0.28 c |
Ba | 0.62 d | 0.96 b | 0.79 c | 1.30 a | 0.78 b | 1.21 a | 0.73 b |
Be | <0.0 a | <0.0 a | <0.0 a | <0.0 a | <0.0 a | <0.0 a | <0.01 a |
Bi | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.02 a | 0.01 a |
Cd | <0.0 c | 0.01 b | <0.01 c | 1.03 a | 0.01 b | 0.01 a | <0.01 b |
Co | 0.02 c | 0.05 b | 0.03 c | 0.12 a | 0.04 b | 0.08 a | 0.04 b |
Cr | 0.06 b | 0.04 c | 0.04 c | 0.11 a | 0.09 a | 0.06 b | 0.04 b |
Cs | 2.72 b | 1.60 c | 1.26 d | 3.18 a | 3.03 a | 2.01 b | 1.24 c |
Cu | 5.48 ab | 4.14 bc | 3.43 c | 7.04 a | 7.60 a | 6.62 a | 3.54 b |
Fe | 94.2 a | 23.0 c | 22.7 c | 71.0 b | 94.1 a | 27.8 b | 24.1 b |
Hf | 0.01 c | 0.02 b | 0.02 b | 0.03 a | 0.02 c | 0.03 a | 0.02 a |
Hg | 0.03 b | 0.01 c | 0.01 c | 0.03 a | 0.04 a | 0.02 b | 0.01 b |
In | 0.07 a | <0.01 b | <0.01 b | 0.06 a | 0.04 a | <0.01 b | <0.01 b |
Li | 0.03 b | 0.01 c | 0.01 c | 0.10 a | 0.06 a | 0.02 b | 0.01 b |
Mn | 1.42 b | 1.37 b | 1.04 b | 4.83 a | 1.86 a | 1.65 a | 1.12 b |
Mo | 0.06 c | 0.20 ab | 0.12 b | 0.23 a | 0.11 c | 0.26 a | 0.16 b |
Ni | 0.11 b | 0.13 b | 0.13 b | 0.32 a | 0.17 ab | 0.20 a | 0.14 b |
Pb | 0.46 d | 3.37 b | 2.02 c | 9.36 a | 0.79 c | 4.59 a | 2.17 b |
Rb | 0.31 c | 0.49 b | 0.28 c | 0.78 a | 0.50 b | 0.61 a | 0.30 c |
Re | 0.06 b | 0.07 b | 0.07 b | 0.22 a | 0.06 b | 0.11 a | 0.05 b |
Sb | 0.02 b | <0.01 c | 0.01 c | 0.05 a | 0.04 a | 0.03 a | 0.01 b |
Se | <0.01 b | <0.01 b | <0.01 b | 0.02 a | <0.01 a | <0.01 a | <0.01 a |
Si | 7.12 a | 1.95 b | 2.16 b | 7.86 a | 9.71 a | 5.32 b | 2.10 c |
Sn | <0.01 c | 0.06 ab | 0.04 b | 0.09 a | <0.01 c | 0.08 a | 0.04 b |
Sr | 2.05 c | 2.74 b | 1.90 c | 5.78 a | 2.83 a | 3.16 a | 1.72 b |
Ta | 0.16 b | 0.08 c | 0.02 c | 0.18 a | 0.15 a | 0.12 b | 0.05 c |
Te | 0.11 c | 0.18 b | 0.14 bc | 0.26 a | 0.14 b | 0.28 a | 0.16 b |
Th | <0.01 c | 0.03 b | 0.03 b | 0.10 a | 0.05 b | 0.06 a | 0.03 c |
Ti | 0.11 b | 0.61 b | 0.55 b | 1.39 a | 0.15 c | 0.94 a | 0.57 b |
Tl | <0.01 b | <0.01 b | <0.01 b | 0.67 a | <0.01 a | <0.01 a | <0.01 a |
V | 0.03 bc | 0.04 b | 0.01 c | 0.07 a | 0.06 a | 0.05 a | 0.02 b |
W | 0.22 b | 0.13 c | 0.06 d | 0.31 a | 0.30 a | 0.21 b | 0.07 c |
Zn | 1.05 bc | 1.28 b | 0.89 c | 5.04 a | 1.44 a | 1.47 a | 0.93 a |
Zr | 0.03 b | 0.02 c | 0.01 c | 0.05 a | 0.05 a | 0.04 a | 0.02 a |
NE | 1.53 c | 3.61 b | 3.48 b | 12.0 a | 1.85 b | 4.53 a | 3.72 a |
REEs | 0.14 b | 0.10 bc | 0.05 c | 0.38 a | 0.15 a | 0.13 a | 0.06 b |
Element(s) | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | FT | FT/BR | MS | Control | FT | FT/BR | |
Ca | 0.332 | 0.021 | 0.164 | 0.038 | 0.355 | 0.017 | 0.122 |
K | 0.423 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.074 | 0.479 | 0.036 | 0.029 |
Mg | 0.107 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.155 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Na | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.010 | 0.026 | 0.062 | 0.049 | 0.009 |
P | 0.213 | 0.028 | 0.014 | 0.029 | 0.486 | 0.032 | 0.015 |
Al | 0.001 | - | - | 0.001 | 0.002 | - | - |
As | - | 0.002 | 0.001 | - | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
B | 0.661 | 0.185 | 0.202 | 0.031 | 0.403 | 0.134 | 0.131 |
Ba | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | - | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Bi | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.019 | 0.013 |
Cd | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 | - | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Co | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.001 | - | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Cr | 0.005 | 0.001 | - | - | 0.005 | 0.001 | - |
Cs | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Cu | 0.185 | - | - | - | 0.389 | - | - |
Fe | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | 0.018 | 0.001 | - |
Hf | - | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.003 | - | 0.016 | 0.012 |
Hg | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.003 | - | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
In | 0.018 | - | - | 0.004 | 0.014 | - | - |
Li | 0.001 | - | - | 0.002 | 0.002 | - | - |
Mn | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Mo | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.016 | 0.021 |
Ni | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.001 | - | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Pb | 0.007 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.028 | 0.018 |
Rb | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.035 | 0.056 | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Re | 0.032 | 0.083 | 0.093 | 0.235 | 0.046 | 0.096 | 0.063 |
Si | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Sn | - | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Sr | 0.230 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.320 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
Ta | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.011 | 0.046 | 0.126 | 0.093 | 0.045 |
Te | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.010 |
Th | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
W | 0.033 | 0.038 | 0.017 | - | 0.051 | 0.045 | 0.023 |
Zn | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.015 | - | 0.038 | 0.023 | 0.016 |
Zr | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
NE | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.007 |
REEs | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | - |
Element(s) | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | FT | FT/BR | MS/BR | Control | FT | FT/BR | |
Ca | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
K | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 |
Mg | 15 | 25 | 60 | 14 | 19 | 37 | 95 |
Na | 76 | 33 | 184 | 30 | 74 | 43 | 305 |
P | 6 | 64 | 115 | 52 | 7 | 71 | 190 |
Al | 93 | 179 | 301 | 107 | 162 | 240 | 397 |
As | 180,883 | 11,782 | 17,260 | 1038 | 41,915 | 11,700 | 25,006 |
B | 397 | 985 | 1467 | 244 | 868 | 1294 | 2416 |
Ba | 1067 | 503 | 721 | 395 | 1129 | 612 | 1173 |
Be | - | 1155,108 | 1831,804 | 1175,157 | - | 1023,751 | 2986,858 |
Bi | 67,095 | 51,587 | 31,304 | 22,804 | 59,872 | 28,783 | 52,709 |
Cd | 454,868 | 81,371 | 178,572 | 5798 | 343,407 | 85,800 | 258,478 |
Co | 29,346 | 35,975 | 82,298 | 32,583 | 37,125 | 46,510 | 126,502 |
Cr | 21,346 | 46,651 | 132,368 | 17,746 | 25,890 | 51,509 | 159,535 |
Cs | 312 | 558 | 945 | 492 | 304 | 762 | 1487 |
Cu | 522 | 271 | 310 | 194 | 435 | 369 | 557 |
Fe | 12 | 100 | 177 | 69 | 12 | 141 | 286 |
Hf | - | 25,375 | 38,291 | 84,883 | - | 31,722 | 54,749 |
Hg | 47,368 | 72,490 | 137,496 | 20,261 | 48,563 | 81,975 | 199,864 |
In | 11,248 | - | - | 34,008 | 13,581 | - | - |
Li | 147,995 | 87,681 | 148,266 | 20,714 | 116,128 | 96,560 | 211,251 |
Mn | 874 | 742 | 1291 | 138 | 950 | 1044 | 2212 |
Mo | 78,306 | 7309 | 7876 | 2938 | 67,619 | 7295 | 11,895 |
Ni | 21,244 | 22,982 | 46,584 | 5283 | 20,741 | 27806 | 72,263 |
Pb | 3252 | 351 | 591 | 607 | 2730 | 504 | 1051 |
Rb | 4515 | 1325 | 1945 | 899 | 2988 | 1756 | 3403 |
Re | 9345 | 5271 | 5818 | 1760 | 8067 | 4649 | 9661 |
Si | 256 | 408 | 737 | 133 | 217 | 369 | 1310 |
Sn | - | 5271 | 8413 | 3693 | 6188 | 13,475 | |
Sr | 427 | 214 | 296 | 87 | 361 | 255 | 494 |
Ta | 3539 | 3856 | 22,079 | 3148 | 3329 | 5347 | 14,337 |
Te | 8114 | 4526 | 11,069 | 1843 | 7374 | 4767 | 13,965 |
Th | 14,195 | 38,199 | 35,536 | 8784 | 10,207 | 22,912 | 49,506 |
Ti | 10,980 | 11,834 | 16,860 | 2524 | 13,815 | 13,000 | 25,164 |
Tl | - | - | - | 1853 | - | - | - |
V | 154,655 | 257,937 | 469,305 | 290,561 | 177,406 | 173,919 | 607,497 |
W | 4152 | 3971 | 9218 | 2763 | 3596 | 4904 | 13,821 |
Zn | 1279 | 434 | 709 | 220 | 1023 | 642 | 1146 |
Zr | 62,235 | 64,720 | 75,715 | 32,245 | 55,774 | 60,544 | 118,032 |
NE | 747 | 843 | 1154 | 698 | 791 | 1096 | 1844 |
REEs | 13,095 | 17,124 | 26,265 | 6016 | 16,188 | 23,639 | 44,323 |
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Drzewiecka, K.; Gąsecka, M.; Magdziak, Z.; Budzyńska, S.; Szostek, M.; Niedzielski, P.; Budka, A.; Roszyk, E.; Doczekalska, B.; Górska, M.; et al. The Possibility of Using Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu × Paulownia fortunei Hybrid for Phytoextraction of Toxic Elements from Post-Industrial Wastes with Biochar. Plants 2021, 10, 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102049
Drzewiecka K, Gąsecka M, Magdziak Z, Budzyńska S, Szostek M, Niedzielski P, Budka A, Roszyk E, Doczekalska B, Górska M, et al. The Possibility of Using Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu × Paulownia fortunei Hybrid for Phytoextraction of Toxic Elements from Post-Industrial Wastes with Biochar. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102049
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrzewiecka, Kinga, Monika Gąsecka, Zuzanna Magdziak, Sylwia Budzyńska, Małgorzata Szostek, Przemysław Niedzielski, Anna Budka, Edward Roszyk, Beata Doczekalska, Marta Górska, and et al. 2021. "The Possibility of Using Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu × Paulownia fortunei Hybrid for Phytoextraction of Toxic Elements from Post-Industrial Wastes with Biochar" Plants 10, no. 10: 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102049