Next Article in Journal
Robust Geometry–Hue Point Cloud Registration via Hybrid Adaptive Residual Optimization
Previous Article in Journal
Dynamic Evaluation of Urban Park Service Performance from the Perspective of “Vitality-Demand-Supply”: A Case Study of 59 Parks in Gongshu District, Hangzhou
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Method for Recognizing I-Shaped Building Patterns Utilizing Multi-Scale Data and Knowledge Graph

1
Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China
3
Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou 730070, China
4
Major in Surveying and Mapping Engineering in the College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2026, 15(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010023
Submission received: 5 November 2025 / Revised: 28 December 2025 / Accepted: 30 December 2025 / Published: 4 January 2026

Abstract

Building pattern recognition is essential for understanding the dynamics of urban development, facilitating automatic map synthesis, and aiding in municipal planning Sefforts. Traditional research methods, which rely solely on geometric feature extraction from isolated objects, struggle to capture the complex and visually significant building patterns within urban environments, often suffering from low accuracy and robustness. This paper proposes a novel approach for recognizing I-shaped building patterns utilizing multi-scale data and knowledge graphs. The process begins by extracting inter-building relationships at and across different scales based on geometric and spatial rules derived from the Smallest Bounding Rectangle (SBR) representation, thereby establishing a comprehensive framework for recognizing I-shaped building patterns. This framework is encoded into a knowledge graph that translates specific scale-based and cross-scale recognition rules into conditions for knowledge graph reasoning. Utilizing rule-based reasoning within this framework, our method effectively identifies I-shaped building patterns that align with human visual principles. Experimental results underscore the efficacy of this approach, with significant enhancements in the recognition of I-shaped patterns being noted. Specifically, when compared to traditional methods that overlook multi-scale data and visual dynamics, our approach achieved a 24% increase in recall rate in Lanzhou and a 52.75% increase in London, while also Amaintaining high precision.
Keywords: building structures; pattern recognition; multi-scale data; knowledge graph; rule-based reasoning building structures; pattern recognition; multi-scale data; knowledge graph; rule-based reasoning

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, S.; Liu, T.; Du, P.; Li, P.; Wang, W.; Liu, S.; Qiang, B. A Method for Recognizing I-Shaped Building Patterns Utilizing Multi-Scale Data and Knowledge Graph. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2026, 15, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010023

AMA Style

Xu S, Liu T, Du P, Li P, Wang W, Liu S, Qiang B. A Method for Recognizing I-Shaped Building Patterns Utilizing Multi-Scale Data and Knowledge Graph. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2026; 15(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010023

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Shenglu, Tao Liu, Ping Du, Pengpeng Li, Wenning Wang, Shuangtong Liu, and Bo Qiang. 2026. "A Method for Recognizing I-Shaped Building Patterns Utilizing Multi-Scale Data and Knowledge Graph" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 15, no. 1: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010023

APA Style

Xu, S., Liu, T., Du, P., Li, P., Wang, W., Liu, S., & Qiang, B. (2026). A Method for Recognizing I-Shaped Building Patterns Utilizing Multi-Scale Data and Knowledge Graph. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 15(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010023

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop