Making Transportation Systems in U.S. Cities Smarter and More Inclusive: A Synthesis of Challenges and Evaluation of Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. SC Development: Technological-Focused to Human-Oriented
2.2. U.S.DOT 2015 Smart City Challenge
2.3. Evaluating SC Strategies and Applications
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Evaluation Framework
3.2.2. Analyses
4. Results
4.1. SC Strategies Evaluation
4.2. Synthesis of Smart City Strategies and Challenges
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AV | Autonomous Vehicle |
API | Application Programming Interface |
CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television |
CV | Connected Vehicle |
DOT | Department of Transportation |
DSRC | Dedicated Short-Range Communications |
EV | Electric Vehicle |
FMLM | First Mile Last Mile |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
ICT | Information and Communications Technology |
ITS | Intelligent Transportation System |
NOFO | Notice of Funding Opportunities |
SC | Smart City |
SCC | Smart City Challenge |
SDK | Software Development Kit |
V2I | Vehicle to Infrastructure |
V2V | Vehicle to Vehicle |
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Major Challenge | Understanding citizen needs/issues | Aged and insufficient infrastructure | Poor air quality and unbalanced energy use |
Challenge | Digital barriers | Education and adoption of CV/AV/EVs | Decarbonization of the grid |
Strategy | City services (from kiosks) | Converting public fleets to EVs | Solar panels for EV charging stations |
Description | Kiosks would be installed in key transfer locations among travel hubs. | Converting portion of city fleet to EVs and share EV fleet (during off hours) to citizens. | Install solar panels in large arrays adjacent to recharging stations. |
Safety | |||
Mobility | Y | Y | |
Sustainability | Y | Y | |
Opportunity | |||
Efficiency | Y | ||
Equity | Y |
Category Codes | Major Categories of Challenges | Description |
---|---|---|
A | Limited data and tools for decision-making | Insufficient data to monitor transportation system, or understand transportation challenges due to adverse weather (hurricanes or flooding) |
B | Lack of travel options | Lack of unreliable transit service; FMLM issues; car-dependency due to urban growth; lack of accessibility and limited mobility |
C | Delays and congestion | Delays at intersections; freight delays and congestion |
D | Aged and insufficient infrastructure | Insufficient EV infrastructure; aged infrastructure due to high maintenance and operational cost |
E | Understanding citizen needs/issues | Digital barriers; needs and issues of particular population groups (e.g., people with disability, seniors, or wheelchair users) |
F | Interoperability, privacy, and data security | Data Storage and Management; Cooperation between different agencies |
G | Pedestrian/bicyclist safety | Collisions with pedestrians or bicyclists |
H | Lack of parking space and information | Lack of available parking; need for productive use of parking spaces |
I | Poor air quality and unbalanced energy use | Vehicle emissions; decarbonization of the grid |
Code | Corresponding SC Strategies | Description |
---|---|---|
A, B, C | Adaptive Signal System | Smart traffic sensors to enable traffic light signals to work efficiently. |
F | Approach to Data Security and Privacy | To ensure the privacy protection of personal identifiable information. |
B | AV for Delivery and Municipal Services | AV facilities for different services such as driver-assist technologies for snowplows, self-driving streetcars, and autonomous drones to perform last-mile delivery. |
B, D | AV Testing Facility | Pilot AV transit projects in demonstration zones and show the public an accessible instrumented environment to learn about and experience CV/AV technologies. |
A, G | Bicycle and Pedestrian Detection | Bicycle and pedestrian sensors and count stations as input for real-time and long-term monitoring for maintenance and improved operations. |
B | Bus Rapid Transit | (Electric) Bus Rapid Transit serves mobility hubs and runs more frequently. |
B | Bus Service Improvements | Install driver-assisted automation, GPS, automated vehicle location, or automated passenger counters to improve collision avoidance and efficiency. |
B | Carshare Options | Urban and suburban automated car share vehicles, electric car sharing plans, or car sharing options in currently underserved areas. |
A | CCTV Cameras | Surveillance technology to monitor and analyze traffic, pedestrian activities, and street furniture operations and to provide real-time images of traffic system. |
E | Community Outreach/Engagement/Hackathons | Citizen engagement initiatives such as creating website or organizing hackathons, to carry out active media campaign for awareness raising or education purposes; connection with special needs groups—low-income, seniors, blind, deaf, mentally disabled, English as a second language—to ensure connection during the planning stages. |
A | CV Onboard Equipment | Examples include in-vehicle networking equipment, car-to-car communication system, green driving aids, turn-by-turn navigation system, mobile eye sensors. |
A, C | Connected Vehicle Initiatives | Connected buses or vehicle-to-vehicle bus rapid transit. |
A, E | Crowdsourced Data and Apps | Collection of crowdsourced information generated by smartphone apps, sensors, open data platform, and news media or social media network. |
F | Data Standards Working Group | Standardization of ITS, GIS maps, incident reporting systems, and center-to-center communication. |
A | Developer Platform (APIs and SDKs) | Prioritize the provision of data to public and private sector clients, and promote the provision of data to private technology developers. |
A, B | DSRC Equipment | Use DSRC to facilitate V2V or V2I communication. |
H | Dynamic Pricing | Smart metering technology allows for the variable pricing of space-based overall parking demand, real-time information of parking supply, and market price. |
B | Dynamic Transit Operations | Adapt to pre-defined route deviations based on passenger needs and travel patterns; promote alternate modes of transportation to avoid congestion. |
D, I | EV Charging | EV charging stations in public and private space; develop apps to check status and easily locate available charging stations. |
B, D, I | EV Initiatives | Cultivate an electric vehicle community and encourage the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles; partnership with car manufacturers to promote shared electric fleet. |
A, C | Emergency Response | Emergency preemption systems will override traffic signals in emergency situations; Emergency Communications and Evacuation can provide travelers/evacuees with passable routes and current traffic and road conditions during emergent situations. |
C | Enhance Cargo Transportation Efficiency System | Expedited clearance programs and systems for freight; routing and scheduling algorithm based on real-time data. |
A, D | Environmental Sensors and Analytics | Install sensors to collect environmental data such as air quality and wastewater, detect the chemical composition of the contaminants; integrate environmental data with traffic data. |
F | Existing Fiber | Enhanced fiber optic networks to provide advanced network services. |
A, B | FMLM Connections or Subsidies | Lyft/Uber subsidies for the FMLM connections in areas where bus lines do not have enough ridership. |
G | Forward Collision Warning | Forward collision warning to drivers and pedestrians. |
A | Fusing Transportation Data with Non-Transportation Data | Fusion of multiple data streams for compilation and analysis. |
C | Integrated Corridor Management | Develop an ITS to accommodate different smart technologies such as EV, semi-autonomous auto, AV, transit, bike, pedestrian dynamics. |
G | Intersection Movement Assist | Warn the driver when it is not safe to enter an intersection due to high collision probability. |
G | Lanes (Bus, bike) | Exclusive bus/bike lanes |
E | Mesh Network | Employ a mesh network for easier and faster public access to internet. |
B | Micro-transit Service | Sharing mobility of conventional bikes, E-bikes and scooters, mobility-on-demand services for the first/last mile transit. |
A, B, E | Mobility Marketplace | A digital platform integrates multimodal mobility services and allows users to access the platform of mobility services customized in real time to the traveler’s needs and characteristics. |
A, B | Multimodal Hubs/Trip Planning/App | Provide real-time traffic information and route analysis of seamless transfer between modes, including public transit, bike share, and e-scooters. |
C | Off-Peak Delivery | Off-peak delivery |
A, F | Open Data | Easily-accessible, open-source data operating and visualization platforms to citizens, businesses, and developers of applications. |
H | Parking Management and Information | Parking sensors to generate data parking infrastructure usage and identify available parking spots to reducing time spent looking for parking in congested areas. |
F | Payment Alternatives | Payment methods for unbanked. |
G | Pedestrian-Oriented Development/Design | Pedestrian-oriented development/design. |
E | Pothole and Roadway Condition Data | Road sensors to alert when roads are damaged and in need of repair. |
A | Probe Data Collection | Acquire private sector data for operations (e.g., real-time alerts, performance monitoring, etc.). |
B | Retrofitting Bus Shelters | Retrofitting bus shelters with rider-friendly interface that interconnects user data with safety, transit, energy, and environment. |
B | Ridesharing Options | Ridesharing options. |
E | Transit Service Needs for Underserved Populations | Smartphone apps for people with disabilities, paratransit services to elderly, disabled and low-income citizens to meet their medical, educational, employment and life sustaining need, etc. |
I | Smart Grid Initiative | Smart Grid platform to optimize energy flexibility and efficiency. |
B | Smart Growth Initiatives | Smart growth initiatives. |
A, D | Smart Street Lights | Smart street lights. |
I | Solar Panels | Installation of solar panels. |
F | Standards and Architecture | Standards and architecture for data structure and network protocols. |
A, B, C, E | Traffic Analytics and Management | Collect real-time data to provide information on the performance of the transportation system. |
A | Traffic Operations Center | Traffic control center can receive, analyze, and transmit information from multiple platforms on traffic congestion and allow for optimization and redirection of traffic flow. |
A, B | Transit/Traveler Information | Provide real-time transit schedules and locations of transit vehicles, and alternative routes and modes. |
C | Truck Routing/Traveler Information | Dynamic freight trip planning service/dynamic truck restrictions. |
A, C | V2I/V2V Equipment | Use equipment for a wireless exchange of data between vehicles and/or roadway infrastructure. |
C, G | Warning Facilities | Curve speed warning, highway–rail intersection warning, work zone alerts, etc. |
E | Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi installation. |
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Wang, C.; Yin, F.; Zhao, Y.; Yin, L. Making Transportation Systems in U.S. Cities Smarter and More Inclusive: A Synthesis of Challenges and Evaluation of Strategies. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2023, 12, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020072
Wang C, Yin F, Zhao Y, Yin L. Making Transportation Systems in U.S. Cities Smarter and More Inclusive: A Synthesis of Challenges and Evaluation of Strategies. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2023; 12(2):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020072
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chihuangji, Fuzhen Yin, Yixuan Zhao, and Li Yin. 2023. "Making Transportation Systems in U.S. Cities Smarter and More Inclusive: A Synthesis of Challenges and Evaluation of Strategies" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 2: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020072
APA StyleWang, C., Yin, F., Zhao, Y., & Yin, L. (2023). Making Transportation Systems in U.S. Cities Smarter and More Inclusive: A Synthesis of Challenges and Evaluation of Strategies. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020072