Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Traditional Opera Culture along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Data Sources
2.1.2. Data Collection and Processing
2.2. Analysis Method
2.2.1. Kernel Density Analysis
2.2.2. Standard Deviational Ellipse Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution
3.1.1. Density Analysis
3.1.2. Centroid and Direction Analysis
3.2. Temporal Variation
3.2.1. Density Variation Analysis
3.2.2. Analysis of Centroid and Direction Changes
4. Conclusions and Discussion
4.1. Conclusions
- (i)
- The spatial distribution of traditional opera culture has clear characteristics of clustering. The opera stages are mainly distributed in patches. They are represented by one primary core area, two secondary core areas, and five tertiary core areas within the eight provinces and cities along the Grand Canal and by four major clusters at the national level.
- (ii)
- From a temporal perspective, the changes in the number and locations of opera stages are closely related to the rise and fall of the Grand Canal. The analysis between different dynasties showed that during the Ming Dynasty, opera stages were distributed along the beginning, middle, and end sections of the Grand Canal; in the Qing Dynasty, as the Grand Canal thrived and developed, the number of opera stages gradually increased, ultimately forming a dense concentration of opera stages in a band-like cluster along both sides of the Grand Canal; and after the establishment of the Republic of China and later the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the number of opera stages gradually declined, but they remained distributed in a band-like cluster along the Grand Canal. Overall, traditional opera culture originated along the Grand Canal, gradually prospered with the development of the Grand Canal, and eventually became concentrated in a band-like cluster along the Grand Canal.
- (iii)
- From the Ming Dynasty to the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the spread of traditional opera culture in the eight provinces and cities along the Grand Canal followed a “southeast–northwest” trajectory, with opera stages mainly located in the “Zhangjiakou-Hangzhou” area, aligning with the main direction of the Grand Canal, and driven by it as well. In terms of the distribution centroid, since the Ming Dynasty, the centroid of traditional opera culture in the eight provinces and cities has been located in the central and western parts of Shandong Province on the eastern bank of the Grand Canal and in proximity to the waterway. At the national level, the center shifted to the western bank of the Grand Canal, approximately parallel to the Grand Canal’s waterway, spanning from the central part of Henan to the southeastern part of Shanxi, with its spatial pattern driven by the Grand Canal. Regarding the distribution direction, the spread in the north–south direction covered a broader area than in the east–west direction and the spatial distribution pattern of traditional opera culture had a close relationship with the north–south spatial characteristics of the Grand Canal.
- (iv)
- On the centennial scale, the evolution characteristics of the distribution centroid of traditional opera culture in the eight provinces and cities along the Grand Canal from before the 14th century to the 20th century are closely related to the key time nodes of the construction of the Grand Canal and the expansion of its basin. Since the Ming Dynasty, the direction of the movement of the centroid of traditional opera has shown a trend of shifting between the northern and southern regions, following the flow direction of the Grand Canal. Overall, the direction of the spread of traditional opera culture changed in accordance with the direction of the construction of the Grand Canal.
4.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Data Sources | Number of Stages |
---|---|
The Chronicles of Chinese Traditional Opera Cultural Relics: Volume of Opera Stages | 1562 |
The Chronicles of Chinese Traditional Opera | 657 |
Region and Period | Ming Dynasty | Qing Dynasty | After the Founding of the Republic of China and then the People’s Republic of China |
---|---|---|---|
Eight provinces and cities | (35.53° N, 117.37° E) | (37.00° N, 116.42° E) | (36.35° N, 117.73° E) |
Nationwide | (34.28° N, 113.89° E) | (34.98° N, 113.10° E) | (36.38° N, 113.02° E) |
Region and Period | Ming Dynasty | Qing Dynasty | After the Founding of the Republic of China and then the People’s Republic of China |
---|---|---|---|
Eight provinces and cities | 156.18 | 160.26 | 156.86 |
Nationwide | 156.85 | 25.76 | 49.82 |
Region and Period | Ming Dynasty | Qing Dynasty | After the Founding of the Republic of China and then the People’s Republic of China | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minor Semi-Axis | Major Semi-Axis | Minor Semi-Axis | Major Semi-Axis | Minor Semi-Axis | Major Semi-Axis | |
Eight provinces and cities | 245.22 | 684.27 | 281.82 | 616.23 | 174.41 | 686.95 |
Nationwide | 615.73 | 758.02 | 630.58 | 909.29 | 1205.36 | 1352.11 |
Time | Centroid Coordinates | Size (km2) | Azimuth (°) | Flattening Ratio | Minor Semi-Axis (km) | Major Semi-Axis (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before 1411 | (33.63° N, 118.09° E) | 313,636.50 | 155.18 | 0.5293 | 216.78 | 460.57 |
1411–1527 | (36.92° N, 116.86° E) | 493,494.50 | 163.45 | 0.5008 | 280.04 | 560.98 |
1528–1680 | (34.76° N, 117.33° E) | 571,415.13 | 160.19 | 0.6159 | 264.33 | 688.20 |
1681–1854 | (37.69° N, 115.85° E) | 482,322.03 | 171.73 | 0.4653 | 286.54 | 535.84 |
1855–1952 | (36.61° N, 117.38° E) | 454,672.09 | 163.09 | 0.6683 | 219.12 | 660.61 |
After 1952 | (36.22° N, 117.93° E) | 428,236.20 | 159.02 | 0.7215 | 194.86 | 699.71 |
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Yang, J.; Hu, D.; Chen, Z.; Xu, Y.; Zou, Z.; Zhu, Y. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Traditional Opera Culture along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2023, 12, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12120477
Yang J, Hu D, Chen Z, Xu Y, Zou Z, Zhu Y. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Traditional Opera Culture along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2023; 12(12):477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12120477
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Jiayi, Di Hu, Zihan Chen, Yicheng Xu, Zewei Zou, and Ying Zhu. 2023. "Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Traditional Opera Culture along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 12: 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12120477