Deducing Flood Development Process Using Social Media: An Event-Based and Multi-Level Modeling Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Model
3.1. Description of EMMFPO
3.2. The Static Element Information Expression
3.2.1. The Structure of the Static Expression Base Class
- (I)
- ID
- (II)
- Time Element
- (III)
- Space Element
- (IV)
- Topic Element
- (V)
- Emotion Element
- (VI)
- Disaster Element
3.2.2. The Structure of the Static Expression Class in Levels
- (1)
- The time element is determined by the union operation including the time element of the lower level ; see Equation (9).The union operation of time elements is defined as finding the shortest continuous time that can cover all the time elements involved in the lower level. The shortest continuous time is the result of the union operation. As shown in Figure 3, each line represents the time period.
- (2)
- The space element is obtained by searching the associated object entities. The space elements of the phase and status entities are consistent with the associated object entities, and the space element of the event entities is the union of the contained object entities.
- (3)
- The topic element is obtained by recalculating and sorting the popularity of topics at lower levels. The calculation method is shown in Equation (10).
- (4)
- The emotion elements are weighted and averaged by the emotion elements corresponding to all entities in the lower level; see Equation (11).
- (5)
- The disaster element is obtained by consolidating the next level of disaster factors; see Equation (12).
3.3. The Dynamic Development Process Expression
3.3.1. The Structure of the Dynamic Expression Base Class
3.3.2. The Structure of the Dynamic Expression Base Class
4. Method
4.1. FPO Entity Construction Method Based on Static Expression
- (1)
- For the structural information of prewarning and response, the release time and the area involved remain unchanged; the rank records the quantity in order of magnitude, and the form is the structure, e.g., [{‘rank’:’quantity’}]. Webid changes from an integer type to a collection, and the collection elements are all aggregated Webids.
- (2)
- For the structural information of disaster loss, the release time and the Webids are the same as in the above rule. However, it also includes the rules of SP, BL, EL, and FL, which are detailed in Table 1. The rule is mainly intended to select the maximum value of the extraction result.
4.2. Flood Development Deduction Method Based on Dynamic Expression
5. Case Study
5.1. Brief Introduction
5.2. Experimental Procedure
5.3. Results
5.3.1. Flood Development Process
5.3.2. Spatiotemporal Analysis
6. Discussion and Conclusions
6.1. Discussion
6.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Element | Information |
---|---|
Time | ((1 July 2021), (30 July 2021)) |
Space | 42, Hubei |
Topic | {({water level; Yangtze River; flood peak; the middle and lower reaches; a warning water level} which means the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River reach a warning water level, 3.12%); ({Hubei; Wuhan; Enshi; rainstorm; prewarning} which means cities of Hubei like Wuhan and Enshi issued rainstorm warnings, 2.49%); ({flood fighting; frontline; fighter; police; salute} which means we should tribute to the flood fighters, 2.40%); |
Emotion | (0.33, 0.3586) |
Disaster Condition | {Prewarning: Red 6; Orange 6; Yellow 4; Blue 1, Response: I 5; II 6;III 2; IV 1, Disaster Loss: {Human casualties: 4,550,900 Economy loss: 5,022,000,000 yuan Building damaged: 1795 Farmland loss: 80,000 acres} |
Element | Information |
---|---|
Time | ((26 July 2021), (30 July 2021)) |
Space | 42, Hubei |
Topic | {({rainstorm; flooding; heavy rain; river; flood crossing} which means Heavy rains have caused many houses to be flooded, 0.46%); ({Hubei; Wuhan; Enshi; rainstorm; prewarning} which means cities of Hubei issued a rainstorm warning, 0.40%); ({flood fighting; frontline; fighter; police; salute} which means we should tribute to the flood fighters, 0.35%);} |
Emotion | (0.16, 0.4113) |
Disaster Condition | {Prewarning: Red 1; Orange 1; Yellow 1; Blue 1, Response: I 2; II 0; III 0; IV 1, Disaster Loss: {Human causalities: 160,000 Economy loss: 22,000,000 yuan Building damaged: No mention Farmland loss: No mention} |
Status Entity | Element | Information |
---|---|---|
Disaster Entity i | Time | (15 July 2021) |
Area | 42, Hubei | |
Type | Response | |
Rank | 2 | |
Webid | [1692, 1693, 16999] | |
Topic Entity j | Time | ((1 July 2021), (3 July 2021)) |
Area | 42, Hubei | |
Type | Prewarning | |
Topic | Top topic: {water level; Yangtze River; flood peak; the middle and lower reaches; a warning water level} which means the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River reach a warning water level | |
Webid | [16, 18, 32, 37, 38, 42, 48, 53, 57, 66, 70, 72] |
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Component | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
Prewarning | ID | Unique identifier |
Type | The type of prewarning, like heavy rain or flood | |
Rank | The rank of prewarning | |
Time | The time when the warning was issued | |
Area | The location involved in the warning | |
Webid | The id set of involved text | |
Response | ID | Unique identifier |
Rank | The rank of response | |
Time | The time when the response was issued | |
Area | The location involved in the response | |
Webid | The id set of involved text | |
Disaster Loss | ID | Unique identifier |
Time | The time when the disaster loss was issued | |
Area | The location involved in the disaster | |
SP | Number of human casualties in the disaster | |
EL | Economic losses in the disaster | |
FL | Loss of farmland in the disaster | |
BL | Loss of buildings in the disaster | |
Webid | The id set of involved text |
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Liu, Y.; Li, R.; Wang, S.; Wu, H.; Gui, Z. Deducing Flood Development Process Using Social Media: An Event-Based and Multi-Level Modeling Approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050306
Liu Y, Li R, Wang S, Wu H, Gui Z. Deducing Flood Development Process Using Social Media: An Event-Based and Multi-Level Modeling Approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2022; 11(5):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050306
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yang, Rui Li, Shunli Wang, Huayi Wu, and Zhipeng Gui. 2022. "Deducing Flood Development Process Using Social Media: An Event-Based and Multi-Level Modeling Approach" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 5: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050306
APA StyleLiu, Y., Li, R., Wang, S., Wu, H., & Gui, Z. (2022). Deducing Flood Development Process Using Social Media: An Event-Based and Multi-Level Modeling Approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(5), 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050306