Coastal Tourism Spatial Planning at the Regional Unit: Identifying Coastal Tourism Hotspots Based on Social Media Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Social Media Data and Visitation Data
2.3. Estimating Empirical Visitation Rate
2.4. Identifying Regional Hotspots for Marine Tourism
3. Results
3.1. Correlation between Social Media Data and Visitation Data
3.2. Estimating Visitation Rates for Coastal Tourism
3.3. Regional Hotspots for Coastal Tourism
4. Discussion
4.1. Social Media as an Evidence of Spatial Distribution of Coastal Tourism
4.2. Characteristics of Coastal Tourism Hotspots Using Social Meida Data
4.3. Application of Coastal Tourism Hotspots for Regional Spatial Planning
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Explanation of Statistical Visitation Data
Type of Tourist Attractions | Count | Type of Tourist Attractions | Count |
---|---|---|---|
Beach | 40 | Park | 8 |
Exhibition, Museum | 28 | Cruise ship | 4 |
Island | 17 | Resort | 2 |
Natural scenery | 10 | The others | 23 |
Cultural heritage | 10 | - | - |
Appendix B
Appendix C
Data. | Multiple R2 | RMSE | Exp (RMSE) (Actual RMSE) | Pearson Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
Training data | 0.5713 | 0.8378 | 1,191,774 | 0.7698 |
Test data | - | 0.8696 | 1,069,451 | 0.7023 |
Appendix D
Mark | Name | Province | Weather It Belong to Hotspots |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | Gunsan Port | Jeollabuk-do | O |
P2 | Gyeokpo Port | Jeollabuk-do | O |
P3 | Gwangyang Port | Jellanam-do | O |
P4 | Mokpo Port | Jellanam-do | O |
P5 | Yeosu Port | Jellanam-do | O |
P6 | Masan Port | Gyeongsangnam-do | X |
P7 | Busan Port | Busan city | O |
P8 | Okpo Port | Gyeongsangnam-do | X |
P9 | Tongyeong Port | Gyeongsangnam-do | X |
P10 | Jeju Port | Jeju-do | O |
P11 | Seogwipo Port | Jeju-do | O |
AP1 | Gunsan Airport | Jeollabuk-do | O |
AP2 | Jeju Airport | Jeju-do | O |
N1 | Seonyu Island | Jeollabuk-do | X |
N2 | Byeonsan Peninsula National Park | Jeollabuk-do | O |
N3 | Jeung Island | Jellanam-do | O |
N4 | Suncheon Bay | Jellanam-do | O |
N5 | Hong Island | Jellanam-do | O |
N6 | Haeundae Beach | Busan city | O |
N7 | Gujora Beach | Gyeongsangnam-do | X |
N8 | Hyeopjae Beach | Jeju-do | O |
N9 | Seongsan Ilchulbong Peak | Jeju-do | O |
N10 | Jungmun Jusangjeolli Cliff | Jeju-do | O |
A1 | Saemangeum Seawall | Jeollabuk-do | O |
A2 | Yeosu EXPO Park | Jellanam-do | O |
A3 | Jagalchi Market | Busan city | O |
A4 | Jungmun Tourist Complex | Jeju-do | O |
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Region | Province | Area (km2) | Population per Area (people/km2) | Gross Regional Domestic Production (GRDP) per Area (1 Million USD/km2) | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jeollabuk-do (A) | Jeollabuk-do | 8066 | 225.49 | 5.74 |
|
Jellanam-do (B) | Jellanam-do | 12,095 | 274.92 | 8.76 |
|
Gwangju city | |||||
Gyeongsang nam-do (C) | Busan city | 12,364 | 640.88 | 20.26 |
|
Ulsan city | |||||
Gyeongsangnam-do | |||||
Jeju-do (D) | Jeju-do | 1849 | 362.89 | 9.79 |
|
Scheme | All Four Regions | Jeollabuk-do | Jellanam-do | Gyeongsangnam-do | Jeju-do |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flickr | R = 0.7245 (df = 99) | R = 0.6371 (df = 8) | R = 0.7857 (df = 26) | R = 0.7706 (df = 41) | R = 0.7246 (df = 18) |
R = 0.5837 (df = 130) | R = 0.5562 (df = 15) | R = 0.6071 (df = 43) | R = 0.6444 (df = 47) | R = 0.5921 (df = 19) |
Multiple R2 | Degree of Freedom (N-1) | Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5913 | 127 | 0.8631 | 30.62 | 2.2 × 10−16 |
Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | p-value |
Intercept | 10.35709 | 0.36491 | 28.383 | <2 × 10−16 |
ln(Flickr) | 1.15819 | 0.17000 | 6.813 | 3.43 × 10−10 |
ln(Twitter) | 0.44477 | 0.16192 | 2.747 | 0.00689 |
ln(Twitter) 2 | −0.05205 | 0.02579 | −2.018 | 0.0457 |
DummyJeollabuk-do | 0.32419 | 0.30851 | 1.051 | 0.29533 |
DummyJellanam-do | 1.05083 | 0.25670 | 4.094 | 7.5 × 10−5 |
DummyGyeongsangnam-do | 0.83554 | 0.23886 | 3.498 | 0.000647 |
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Kim, G.S.; Chun, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, C.-K. Coastal Tourism Spatial Planning at the Regional Unit: Identifying Coastal Tourism Hotspots Based on Social Media Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030167
Kim GS, Chun J, Kim Y, Kim C-K. Coastal Tourism Spatial Planning at the Regional Unit: Identifying Coastal Tourism Hotspots Based on Social Media Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(3):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030167
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Gang Sun, Joungyoon Chun, Yoonjung Kim, and Choong-Ki Kim. 2021. "Coastal Tourism Spatial Planning at the Regional Unit: Identifying Coastal Tourism Hotspots Based on Social Media Data" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030167