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Article

The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China

by
Shuai Chen
1,2,3,
Chundong Gao
1,3,
Dong Jiang
1,2,3,*,
Mengmeng Hao
1,2,3,
Fangyu Ding
1,3,
Tian Ma
1,2,3,
Shize Zhang
4 and
Shunde Li
4
1
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China
4
Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(12), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120802
Submission received: 13 September 2021 / Revised: 20 November 2021 / Accepted: 27 November 2021 / Published: 30 November 2021
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Abstract

As a typical cybercrime, cyber fraud poses severe threats to civilians’ property safety and social stability. Traditional criminological theories such as routine activity theory focus mainly on the effects of individual characteristics on cybercrime victimization and ignore the impacts of macro-level environmental factors. This study aims at exploring the spatiotemporal pattern of cyber fraud crime in China and investigating the relationships between cyber fraud and environmental factors. The results showed that cyber fraud crimes were initially distributed in southeastern China and gradually spread towards the middle and northern regions; spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the spatial concentration trend of cyber fraud became more and more strong, and a strong distinction in cyber fraud clustering between the north and the south was identified. To further explain the formative causes of these spatial patterns, a generalized additive model (GAM) was constructed by incorporating natural and social environmental factors. The results suggested that the distribution of cyber fraud was notably affected by the regional economy and population structure. Also, the high incidence of cyber fraud crime was closely associated with a large nonagricultural population, a high proportion of tertiary industry in GDP, a large number of general college students, a longer cable length, and a large numbers of internet users.
Keywords: cyber fraud; spatiotemporal pattern; driving factors; spatial autocorrelation; generalized additive model cyber fraud; spatiotemporal pattern; driving factors; spatial autocorrelation; generalized additive model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, S.; Gao, C.; Jiang, D.; Hao, M.; Ding, F.; Ma, T.; Zhang, S.; Li, S. The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120802

AMA Style

Chen S, Gao C, Jiang D, Hao M, Ding F, Ma T, Zhang S, Li S. The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(12):802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120802

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Shuai, Chundong Gao, Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao, Fangyu Ding, Tian Ma, Shize Zhang, and Shunde Li. 2021. "The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 12: 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120802

APA Style

Chen, S., Gao, C., Jiang, D., Hao, M., Ding, F., Ma, T., Zhang, S., & Li, S. (2021). The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(12), 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120802

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