Mechanical Tillage Diversely Affects Glomalin Content, Water Stable Aggregates and AM Fungal Community in the Soil Profiles of Two Differently Managed Olive Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Olive Grove
- Under the dripper, in the wet area during the irrigation season, (2 m from the trunk in the row) (SSr);
- Inter-rows (4 m from the trunk between the rows) where crop residues and pruning material were left on the ground as mulch (SSi).
- Conventional system:
- 2 m from the trunk of olive trees in the row (CSr);
- Inter-rows (4 m from the trunk between the rows) (CSi).
2.2. Soil Analysis
2.3. Glomalin and Water Stable Aggregates
2.4. Spore Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Autochthonous AMF
3. Results
3.1. Soil Analysis
3.2. Glomalin and Water Stable Aggregates
3.3. AMF Spore Abundance, Distribution and Identification
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussions
4.1. Soil Analysis
4.2. Glomalin and Water Stable Aggregates
4.3. AMF Spore Abundance, Distribution, and Identification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit of Measure | Value |
---|---|---|
pH | 7.6 | |
Conductivity | µS cm−1 | 884 |
Na | mg L−1 | 121.3 |
Mg | mg L−1 | 13.8 |
Ca | mg L−1 | 67.8 |
N (NO3-) | mg L−1 | 18.3 |
N (NH4+) | mg L−1 | 0.0 |
B | mg L−1 | 1.0 |
K | mg L−1 | 17.0 |
P | mg L−1 | 1.0 |
COD | mg L−1 | 180 |
Treatment | Depth (cm) | pH | EC (µS/cm) | N (%) | P (ppm) | P2O5 (ppm) | CEC (meq/100g) | Base Cations (meq/100g) | Moisture (%) | OM (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Mg | K | Na | ||||||||||
CSr | 0-20 | 8.19 ± 1.10 | 140.00 ± 17.98 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 18.71 ± 2.08 | 42.85 ± 8.44 | 14.15 ± 1.62 | 12.24 ± 2.41 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 1.09 ± 0.14 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 13.23 ± 3.39 | 2.61 ± 0.61 |
20-40 | 8.33 ± 1.08 | 117.67 ± 15.73 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 6.77 ± 0.82 | 15.51 ± 3.19 | 12.39 ± 1.38 | 11.45 ± 2.11 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 12.94 ± 2.76 | 1.75 ± 0.47 | |
40-60 | 8.43 ± 1.07 | 116.33 ± 15.58 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 4.93 ± 0.62 | 11.29 ± 2.37 | 16.35 ± 1.76 | 15.18 ± 2.47 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 13.09 ± 3.06 | 1.51 ± 0.48 | |
60-80 | 8.47 ± 1.06 | 121.33 ± 16.08 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 3.80 ± 0.46 | 8.71 ± 1.79 | 16.10 ± 1.69 | 14.88 ± 2.43 | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 12.24 ± 2.89 | 1.47 ± 0.46 | |
CSi | 0-20 | 8.55 ± 1.05 | 109.33 ± 14.87 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 19.07 ± 2.10 | 43.67 ± 8.57 | 12.36 ± 1.43 | 11.00 ± 2.04 | 0.36 ± 0.06 | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 13.52 ± 3.31 | 2.55 ± 0.63 |
20-40 | 8.29 ± 1.09 | 120.67 ± 16.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 7.63 ± 0.91 | 17.48 ± 3.56 | 13.09 ± 1.45 | 12.15 ± 2.18 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 12.48 ± 2.82 | 1.80 ± 0.48 | |
40-60 | 8.21 ± 1.10 | 126.33 ± 16.61 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 4.43 ± 0.54 | 10.13 ± 2.09 | 14.60 ± 1.56 | 13.58 ± 2.33 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 11.98 ± 2.77 | 1.63 ± 0.45 | |
60-80 | 8.32 ± 1.08 | 112.33 ± 15.19 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 3.12 ± 0.42 | 7.14 ± 1.56 | 15.76 ± 1.69 | 14.68 ± 2.43 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 12.77 ± 2.90 | 1.39 ± 0.45 | |
SSr | 0-20 | 7.91 ± 1.14 | 173.00 ± 21.31 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 24.68 ± 2.72 | 56.52 ± 11.10 | 13.15 ± 1.57 | 10.11 ± 2.02 | 1.58 ± 0.21 | 0.99 ± 0.15 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 13.03 ± 3.42 | 2.71 ± 0.61 |
20-40 | 8.34 ± 1.08 | 135.00 ± 17.46 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 10.57 ± 1.17 | 24.21 ± 4.76 | 12.60 ± 1.37 | 9.88 ± 1.95 | 1.28 ± 0.18 | 0.93 ± 0.14 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 8.42 ± 2.31 | 1.53 ± 0.40 | |
40-60 | 8.46 ± 1.06 | 118.50 ± 15.80 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 8.94 ± 1.01 | 20.47 ± 4.06 | 13.38 ± 1.45 | 10.79 ± 2.02 | 1.21 ± 0.17 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 9.66 ± 2.45 | 1.59 ± 0.43 | |
60-80 | 8.47 ± 1.06 | 115.67 ± 15.51 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 8.49 ± 0.95 | 19.45 ± 3.84 | 13.40 ± 1.44 | 11.01 ± 2.05 | 1.15 ± 0.17 | 0.69 ± 0.12 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 9.27 ± 2.41 | 1.41 ± 0.40 | |
SSi | 0-20 | 8.18 ± 1.10 | 110.67 ± 15.04 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 12.98 ± 1.49 | 29.72 ± 5.95 | 12.97 ± 1.49 | 11.02 ± 2.08 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 1.23 ± 0.15 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 12.78 ± 2.98 | 2.93 ± 0.60 |
20-40 | 8.40 ± 1.07 | 89.67 ± 12.92 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 8.61 ± 0.96 | 19.72 ± 3.89 | 11.81 ± 1.28 | 10.65 ± 2.02 | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 10.42 ± 2.50 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | |
40-60 | 8.29 ± 1.09 | 85.33 ± 12.50 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 8.32 ± 0.93 | 19.04 ± 3.76 | 10.46 ± 1.14 | 9.43 ± 1.91 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 8.30 ± 2.15 | 1.28 ± 0.36 | |
60-80 | 8.39 ± 1.07 | 78.00 ± 11.75 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 6.06 ± 0.70 | 13.88 ± 2.79 | 11.20 ± 1.22 | 10.12 ± 1.97 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 10.38 ± 2.33 | 1.40 ± 0.39 |
Treatment | Depth (cm) | TG (mg/g) | EEG (μg/g) | WSA (dg/g) | Macro-Aggregates (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSr | 0–20 | 6.53 ± 1.16 a | 757.75 ± 101.25 a,b | 6.16 ± 1.33 c | 76.33 |
20–40 | 3.36 ± 0.57 d,e | 438.26 ± 58.14 defg | 2.31 ± 0.66 d,e | 72.84 | |
40–60 | 3.11 ± 0.49 d,e,f | 432.14 ± 57.13 d,e,f,g | 2.03 ± 0.64 d,e | 71.23 | |
60–80 | 1.46 ± 0.19 e,f | 159.23 ± 21.36 h,i | 1.40 ± 0.29 d,e | 70.97 | |
CSi | 0–20 | 6.37 ± 1.48 a | 849.19 ± 112.52 a | 5.57 ± 1.40 c,d | 77.38 |
20–40 | 4.03 ± 0.72 b,c,d | 643.50 ± 85.27 b,c | 2.13 ± 0.85 d,e | 71.66 | |
40–60 | 3.68 ± 0.68 cd | 623.63 ± 82.63 b,c,d | 1.82 ± 0.80 d,e | 73.08 | |
60–80 | 2.11 ± 0.50 d,e,f | 290.54 ± 38.43 f,g,h,i | 0.72 ± 0.06 e | 69.13 | |
SSr | 0–20 | 5.96 ± 1.09 a,b | 579.53 ± 78.40 b,c,d | 15.55 ± 2.05 a | 78.16 |
20–40 | 3.75 ± 0.63 b,c,d | 325.96 ± 44.50 e,f,g,h | 3.49 ± 0.61 c,d,e | 75.51 | |
40–60 | 2.46 ± 0.46 d,e,f | 248.60 ± 33.54 g,h,i | 2.83 ± 0.50 d,e | 72.42 | |
60–80 | 1.37 ± 0.21 e,f | 123.39 ± 16.79 i | 1.88 ± 0.18 d,e | 70.88 | |
SSi | 0–20 | 5.81 ± 0.98 a,b,c | 575.37 ± 75.73 c,d | 10.07 ± 1.60 b | 72.01 |
20–40 | 3.08 ± 0.64 d,e,f | 501.58 ± 65.78 c,d,e | 2.60 ± 0.79 d,e | 75.56 | |
40–60 | 2.26 ± 0.53 d,e,f | 450.06 ± 58.52 c,d,e,f | 1.95 ± 0.70 d,e | 70.54 | |
60–80 | 1.03 ± 0.24 f | 134.66 ± 17.86 h,i | 1.93 ± 0.53 d,e | 73.26 |
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Lombardo, L.; Palese, A.M.; Grasso, F.; Duffy, D.H., III; Briccoli Bati, C.; Xiloyannis, C. Mechanical Tillage Diversely Affects Glomalin Content, Water Stable Aggregates and AM Fungal Community in the Soil Profiles of Two Differently Managed Olive Orchards. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100639
Lombardo L, Palese AM, Grasso F, Duffy DH III, Briccoli Bati C, Xiloyannis C. Mechanical Tillage Diversely Affects Glomalin Content, Water Stable Aggregates and AM Fungal Community in the Soil Profiles of Two Differently Managed Olive Orchards. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(10):639. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100639
Chicago/Turabian StyleLombardo, Luca, Assunta Maria Palese, Filomena Grasso, Donald H. Duffy, III, Caterina Briccoli Bati, and Cristos Xiloyannis. 2019. "Mechanical Tillage Diversely Affects Glomalin Content, Water Stable Aggregates and AM Fungal Community in the Soil Profiles of Two Differently Managed Olive Orchards" Biomolecules 9, no. 10: 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100639