Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System?
Abstract
:1. The Role of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
2. Pathogens in the Brain of AD Patients
2.1. Viruses
2.1.1. Herpes Simplex Virus 1
2.1.2. Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and Other Herpesviruses
2.1.3. SARS-CoV-2
2.2. Bacteria
2.2.1. Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Clamydia)
2.2.2. Porphyromonas gingivalis
2.2.3. Staphylococcus aureus
2.3. Fungi
3. The Olfactory System and Alzheimer’s Disease
4. A Potential Role of the Oral Microbiota in AD?
5. Conversion of a Symbiotic Nasal Microbiota to a More Pathogenic Phenotype—A Potential Role for AD Pathogenesis?
6. Animal Experiments Link Infection through the Olfactory System to AD Pathology
7. Pattern Recognition Receptors—A Molecular Link from Invading Pathogens to Neuroinflammation
7.1. NLRP3
7.2. cGAS/STING
7.3. Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
8. Rhinotillexomania (Nose-Picking)—A Widespread, Unhealthy Habit?
9. Conclusions and Implications for the Prevention of AD
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhou, X.; Kumar, P.; Bhuyan, D.J.; Jensen, S.O.; Roberts, T.L.; Münch, G.W. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System? Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111568
Zhou X, Kumar P, Bhuyan DJ, Jensen SO, Roberts TL, Münch GW. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System? Biomolecules. 2023; 13(11):1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111568
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Xian, Paayal Kumar, Deep J. Bhuyan, Slade O. Jensen, Tara L. Roberts, and Gerald W. Münch. 2023. "Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System?" Biomolecules 13, no. 11: 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111568