Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Acute Wound Healing
2.1. Innate Immunity in Acute Wound Healing
2.1.1. Basophils and Mast Cells
2.1.2. Neutrophils
2.1.3. Macrophages
2.1.4. Langerhans Cells and Dendritic Cells
2.2. Adaptive Immunity in Acute Wound Healing
3. Chronic Wound Healing
3.1. Innate Immunity in Chronic Wound Healing
3.1.1. Neutrophils
3.1.2. Macrophages
3.1.3. Innate Lymphoid Cells
3.2. Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Wound Healing
4. Modulation of the Immune System to Improve Wound Healing
4.1. M1/M2 Polarization of Macrophages
4.2. MiRNAs
4.3. Cytokines/Growth Factors and Inhibitors
4.4. Stem Cells
4.5. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Immunomodulation Strategy | Treatment | Wound Type | Mediated Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
M2 macrophage polarization | Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes | Pressure ulcer in young and middle-aged mice | Prevented pressure ulcer formation, promoted wound healing and enhanced ECM deposition and angiogenesis | [139] |
Exosomes derived from M2 macrophages | Acute skin wounds in a murine model | Accelerated primary as well as complete wound closure; enhanced re-epithelization, ECM formation and angiogenesis | [141] | |
Knockdown of long non-coding RNA GAS5 | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Accelerated wound closure | [142] | |
Topical pharmacological blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Accelerated wound closure and improved angiogenesis; suppressed inflammation | [143] | |
Docosahexaenoic acid | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Faster wound healing; increased vessel density and perfusion; alleviated inflammation | [144] | |
microRNA overexpression/stimulation | microRNA-146a overexpression with a synthetic curcuminoid analog | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Enhanced wound closure, faster re-epithelialization, suppressed inflammatory mediators | [148] |
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with MicroRNA-146a | Diabetic wounds in murine and porcine models | Accelerated wound closure, increased strength and elasticity in a murine model; improved wound healing, increased angiogenesis and reduced inflammation in a porcine model | [149] | |
Human keratinocyte-derived microvesicles expressing microRNA-21 | Diabetic wounds in a rat model | Rapid wound closure, increased angiogenesis and enhanced fibroblast differentiation | [150] | |
miR-21-3p agonist | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Accelerated wound healing and enhanced fibroblast activity | [151] | |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition | Etanercept, a TNF-α neutralizing peptide | Diabetic wounds in a rat model | Improved wound healing and closure | [154] |
IL-1R antagonist | Diabetic wounds in a murine model | Reduced inflammation, decreased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, accelerated wound closure | [155] | |
Growth factors | PDGF-BB | Ulcers in diabetic patients | Attracted neutrophils and macrophages into the wound; stimulated fibroblast recruitment and proliferation; enhanced collagen synthesis and ECM deposition; and accelerated wound healing | [158] |
KGF-2 | A full-layer skin cutting model in rats | Suppressed inflammation and accelerated wound healing | [159] | |
Stem cells and microvesicles | Human adipose stem cell-derived microvesicles | Full-thickness cutaneous wound models in mice | Accelerated wound closure, enhanced re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and angiogenesis, increased cell proliferation | [161] |
Human adipose stem cell-derived microvesicles | Diabetic skin wound models in rats | Enhanced formation of granulation tissue, increased angiogenesis, greater expression of growth factors, decreased inflammatory and oxidative factors | [165] | |
Exosomes from human urine-derived stem cells | Full-thickness excisional skin wounds in diabetic mice | Accelerated wound healing and enhanced angiogenesis | [166] | |
Lipoma-derived stem cells | In vitro “scratch” wound assay | Increased fibroblast migration and wound closure | [167] | |
Negative pressure wound therapy | Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy system | Human diabetic foot ulcers | Attenuated inflammation, increased ECM formation, decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS | [172] |
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy system | Human diabetic foot ulcers | Suppressed wound inflammation, decreased levels of IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α and P-c-Jun N-terminal kinase | [173] |
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Raziyeva, K.; Kim, Y.; Zharkinbekov, Z.; Kassymbek, K.; Jimi, S.; Saparov, A. Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050700
Raziyeva K, Kim Y, Zharkinbekov Z, Kassymbek K, Jimi S, Saparov A. Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5):700. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050700
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaziyeva, Kamila, Yevgeniy Kim, Zharylkasyn Zharkinbekov, Kuat Kassymbek, Shiro Jimi, and Arman Saparov. 2021. "Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing" Biomolecules 11, no. 5: 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050700
APA StyleRaziyeva, K., Kim, Y., Zharkinbekov, Z., Kassymbek, K., Jimi, S., & Saparov, A. (2021). Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing. Biomolecules, 11(5), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050700