Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Treatment Plan for PD
2.1. Rehabilitate Options for Treating PD
2.2. Therapy Options for Treating Motor Symptoms of PD
2.3. Therapy Options for Treating Non-Motor Symptoms of PD
2.4. Restorative Options for Treating PD
2.5. Maintenance Options for Treating PD
2.6. Surgery Options for Treating PD
3. PD Clinical Trials in Progress and Novel (and Emerging) PD Therapies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type Compound | Drug Name | Brand Name | Additional Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dopamine replacement | Carbidopa/Levodopa | Sinemet IR, Sinemet CR, Rytary, Duopa | Sustained-release capsules |
Rytary | |||
Duopa | Enteral suspension in jejunum | ||
Inbrija | Enhaled powder of Levodopa alone (no carbidopa) | ||
Dopamine agonist (DA) | Apomorphine | Apokyn | Nonergoline receptor |
Kynmobi | antagonist | ||
Pramipexole | Mirapex | Stimulates D2 dopamine receptors | |
Mirapex ER | |||
Ropinirole | Requip | Stimulates D2 dopamine receptor | |
Requip XL | |||
Rotigotine | Neupro | Transdermal patch | |
MAO-B Inhibitors | Selegiline | Eldepryl | Blocks the breakdown of dopamine |
Zelapar | |||
Rasagiline | Azilect | ||
Safinamide | Xadago | ||
COMT Inhibitors | Opicapone | Ongentys | Catechol-O-methyl- transferase (COMT) inhibitors make more levodopa available for transport across the BBB |
Entacapone | Comtan | ||
Carbidopa, levodopa, and Entacapone | Stalevo | ||
Tolcapone | Tasmar | ||
Anticholinergic | Trihexyphenidyl | Cogentin | Provides relief from tremor |
Benztropine mesylate | |||
Anti-influenza drug | Amantadine | Symmetrel | Provides relief for most motor symptoms, but effect is short-term. |
Gocovri | |||
Symadine |
Symptom/Type Compound | Drug Name | Brand Name | Additional Description |
---|---|---|---|
Depression and Anxiety | |||
Benzodiazepine | Alprazolam | Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam | Anxiety and panic |
Clonazepam | Klonopin | Anxiety and panic | |
Diazepam | Valium | Anxiety and panic | |
Lorazepam | Ativan | Anxiety and panic | |
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) | Fluoxetine | Prozac | Depression, panic, anxiety |
Sertraline | Zoloft | Depression, panic, anxiety | |
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) | Duloxetine | Cymbalta | Depression and anxiety |
Desvenlafaxin | Pristiq | Depression and anxiety | |
Milnacipran | Savella | Depression and anxiety | |
Venlafaxine | Mirapex | Depression and anxiety | |
Effexor/Effexor XR | |||
Tricylic compounds | Amitrytiline | Elavil | Depression, anxiety |
Imipramine | Tofranil/Tofranil PM | Depression, anxiety | |
Nortriptyline | Pamelor | Depression, anxiety | |
Additional anti-anxiety | Buspirone | BuSpar | General anxiety |
Propanolol | Inderal/Inderal LA | Panic attack/anxiety | |
Quetiapine | Seroquel | Depression/anxiety | |
Trazodone | Desyrel, Oleptro | Depression/anxiety | |
Other anti-depressants | Bupropion | Wellbutrin SR/XL/SR/XL | Depression |
Zyban | |||
Mirtazapine | Remeron/SolTab | Depression | |
Excessive Drooling | Atropine drops | Unwarranted drooling | |
Botulinum toxin A | Xeomin | Unwarranted drooling | |
Botulinum toxin B | Myobloc | Unwarranted drooling | |
Glycopyrrolate | Unwarranted drooling | ||
Scopolamine patch | Unwarranted drooling | ||
Gastrointestinal Problems | |||
Constipation | Lubiprostone | Amitiza | Constipation |
Polyethylenene glycol | MiraLax | Constipation | |
Nausea and Vomiting | Ondansetron | Zofran | Nausea, vomiting |
Trimethobenzamide | Tigan | Nausea, vomiting |
Symptom/Type Compound | Drug Name | Brand Name | Additional Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dementia | |||
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors | Donepezil | Aricept | Dementia |
Galantamine | Razadyne/ER | Dementia | |
Rivastigmine | Exelon, Exelon Patch | Dementia | |
Psychosis | |||
Clozapine | Clozaril, FazoClo | Hallucinations/Psychosis | |
Pimavanserin | Nuplazid | Hallucinations/Delusions | |
Quetiapine | Seroquel, Seroquel SR | Hallucinations/Psychosis | |
Sleeping Disorders | |||
Amitriptyline | Elavil | Insomnia | |
Clonazepam | Klonopin | REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | |
Doxepin | Silenor | Insomnia | |
Eszopicione | Lunestra | Insomnia | |
Melatonin | Insomnia | ||
Mirtazapine | Remeron | Insomnia | |
Trazadone | Desyrel | Insomnia | |
Cognition and Daytime Sleepiness | |||
Methylphenidate | Concerta | Unable to focus, overly sleepy during the day, fatigue | |
Daytrana Patch | |||
Metadate CD | |||
Methylin | |||
Ritalin, Ritalin LA/SRF | |||
Memantine | Namenda | PD related dementia | |
Modafinil | Provigil | Unable to focus, sleepy during the day | |
Orthostatic Hypotension | |||
Fludrocortisone | Florinef | Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension | |
Pyridostigmine | Mestinon | ||
Droxidopa | Northera | ||
Urinary Incontinence | |||
Anticholinergics | Darifenacin | Enoblex | Overactive bladder |
Oxybutynin | Ditropan/XL, Glenique, Oxytrol | Overactive bladder +/− Incontinence | |
Solifenacin | Vesicare | Overactive bladder | |
Tolterodine | Detrol/LA | Overactive bladder | |
Beta-3-Agonist | Mirabegron | Mybetriq | Overactive bladder |
Alpha-1A blockers | Alfuzosin | Uroxatral | Overactive bladder, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
Silodosin | Rapaflo | Overactive bladder, BPH | |
Tamsulosin | Flomax | ||
Terazosin | |||
Serotonin, Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) | Duloxetine | Cymbalta | Urinary incontinence from stress |
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Church, F.C. Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040612
Church FC. Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(4):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040612
Chicago/Turabian StyleChurch, Frank C. 2021. "Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease" Biomolecules 11, no. 4: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040612
APA StyleChurch, F. C. (2021). Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules, 11(4), 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040612