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Article

The 5d-6p VUV Photoabsorption Spectrum of Bi+

by
Hu Lu
1,*,
Lazaros Varvarezos
1,
Patrick Hayden
2,
Eugene T Kennedy
1,
Jean-Paul Mosnier
1 and
John T Costello
1
1
School of Physical Sciences and NCPST, Dublin City University, 9 D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
2
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atoms 2020, 8(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030055
Submission received: 8 August 2020 / Revised: 1 September 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 / Published: 4 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction of Ionizing Photons with Atomic and Molecular Ions)
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Abstract

:
The photoabsorption spectrum of Bi+ was measured in the wavelength range between 37 and 60 nm, using the dual laser plasma technique in which one plasma is used as the source of vacuum ultraviolet continuum radiation and the other plasma is used as the sample of atoms and/or ions to be probed. A number of features in the Bi+ spectrum was identified with the aid of the Cowan suite of atomic codes. The 5d → 6p transitions from the ground configuration (5d106s26p2) gave rise to the most prominent features in the measured spectrum. Transitions from low-lying excited states associated with the four excited configurations, 5d106s26p6d, 5d106s26p7s, 5d106s26p7p and 5d106s6p3, were found to make small contributions to the observed spectrum in the 47–50 nm spectral region. To the best of our knowledge, for Bi+, this spectral region is rather unexplored and spectroscopic data are absent from the literature.

1. Introduction

Although the interaction of atomic ions with radiation is sometimes regarded as purely of fundamental atomic physics interest, it is often encountered in other research fields such as plasma physics and astrophysics [1]. For example, lowly charged ions such as Pb+ and Bi2+ play an important role in investigations regarding e.g., stellar evolution [2] and the chemical composition of peculiar stars [3,4]. High Z atoms such as Bi are important in fusion research and extreme-UV (EUV) light source development. For example, Bi is among the candidates for developing a broadband emission water window source (region 2.3–4.4 nm) for high-contrast biological microscopy [5]. Due to the needs for spectral databases of high Z elements, soft X-ray emission measurements and EUV emission measurements on heavy ions including Bi were performed in the TEXT tokamak [6] and Large Helical Device (LHD) [7], respectively.
Photoabsorption studies of atomic ions have been reported using the merged synchrotron-ion beams technique [8,9,10]. In this case, accelerated beams of ions are merged with synchrotron radiation. The advent of third generation radiation sources exhibiting high brilliance, such as SOLEIL [11] and PETRA III [12] has yielded measurements of total, inner-shell photoionization cross sections [13]. Despite the apparently straightforward nature of this method, and the fact that it can provide absolute photoionization cross sections, the difficulty inherent in obtaining high currents of mono charge state ion beams and the need for access to large scale synchrotron facilities limits the wider applicability of this technique.
Analogous measurements yielding relative photoabsorption cross sections can be performed by means of table-top or laboratory scale techniques. One possibility is to perform photoabsorption measurements in atoms and the corresponding photoionized plasmas using radiation emitted from a laser produced plasma (LPP)-based source where a gas target serves as the active medium [14,15,16]. Another well-established method is the so-called dual laser plasma (DLP) technique [17,18]. When a high-power laser pulse is focused onto a solid target, a short-lived plasma (some tens of nanoseconds) is formed that can be used as a back-lighting vacuum-UV (VUV) to soft X-ray (SXR) light source. A second laser is used to generate an absorbing plasma that includes the atomic or ionic species of interest. This technique can be used to perform photoabsorption measurements to study the inner-shell and multiple electron excitations in a wide range of atoms and ions e.g., [19,20,21,22]. The DLP technique has previously been used to carry out photoabsorption measurements on several lowly charged ions such as: Si+ [23], Si2+ [24], Si3+ [25] and Cr+ [26]. Furthermore, the DLP technique was applied by Banahan and coworkers [27] to measure the photoabsorption spectrum of Pb2+ and Bi3+ in the 19–41 nm spectral region, where excitation of the 5d subshell plays an important role. More recently, photoabsorption spectra of the Ti-like ions, Pb+ and Bi2+ in the 37–70 nm spectral region were reported. In this case, contributions of the 5d → 6p excitations to the photoabsorption spectra were found to be the most significant [28].
In this work, we report photoabsorption measurements in Bi+ in the 37–60 nm spectral region. To the best of our knowledge, this part of the spectrum for Bi+ is rather unexplored, and spectroscopic data are absent from the literature. Such spectroscopic data could prove to be useful additions to the existing atomic and molecular databases e.g., the VAMDC project which integrates more than 30 such databases [29,30].
In Section 2, we describe the experimental setup and how we obtained the spectral data. In Section 3, we present our experimental results and compare them with calculations using the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes. We show the contributions of 5d → 6p transitions from both ground state and low-lying excited states to the Bi+ spectrum. Finally, in Section 4, our conclusions are presented.

2. Experiment

The results presented in this work were recorded using the well-established DLP experimental facility at Dublin City University [31]. The output of a Q switched Nd:YAG laser (0.4 J, 15 ns) was focused onto a tungsten rod to produce the back-lighting continuum plasma. A second time-synchronized Nd:YAG laser pulse (0.45 J, 6ns) was focused by means of a cylindrical lens onto a bismuth target to produce an absorbing line plasma in the experiment. By appropriate choices of laser irradiation conditions and the position of the absorbing plasma with respect to the optical axis and inter-plasma time delay, the photoabsorption spectrum of Bi+ was obtained. Initially, the background continuum intensity (I0) was recorded by firing the back-lighting Nd:YAG laser alone onto the tungsten rod, while the transmitted intensity (I) was obtained by firing both lasers onto the tungsten rod and bismuth plate with an adjustable time delay, respectively. The measured spectrum is displayed here as Log(I0/I) versus the wavelength, corresponding to the quantity αL, where α is the absorption coefficient and L is the absorbing plasma column length. αL can also be written as σNL, where “σ” is the photoabsorption cross section and “NL” is the column density and is sometimes referred to as the relative absorption cross section or the optical depth τ = A−1, where A is the absorbance.
VUV spectra were recorded for a range of time delays and positions of the Bi target surface with respect to the optical axis of an Acton Research Corporation VM510 normal incidence spectrometer. The spectrometer was equipped with a concave grating of 1200 grooves/mm and operated with an entrance slit width of 50 μm for the current experiment. The adjustable fore-slit, located between the target chamber and entrance slit of the spectrometer, was used in the experiment to reduce the intensity of line emission coming from outside of the dense core region of the tungsten plasma used as a continuum source. In other experiments, e.g., on VUV LIBS, it has been used to occlude the continuum emission and favour the line emission coming from the cooler outer region of the plasma plume [32]. It was set to a width of 250 μm for the current experiment. Spectral image readout was provided by a back illuminated CCD (charge-coupled device) camera (Andor Technology Model No. DV420-BN). Spectra with good signal to noise ratio values were obtained by summing 10 single laser shot “I” and “I0” spectra. All spectra were calibrated by comparison with the wavelengths of known emission lines from a laser produced aluminium plasma from the same setup.

3. Results and Discussion

The absorption spectrum of Bi+ in the spectral region ranging from 37 to 60 nm is shown in Figure 1. It was acquired at an inter-laser delay of 1000 ns and with the absorbing plasma formed a distance of 8.7 mm away from the optical axis of the system. By looking at valence excited lines of Bi+ at longer wavelengths, it was found that the bismuth plasma was dominated by singly charged ions for these experimental conditions. The laser was tightly focused onto the Bi target via the cylindrical lens. In order to identify the observed absorption features, we carried out a series of calculations using the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes [33]. The suite comprises a number of core codes, three of which, labelled RCN, RCN2 and RCG, were used in this work. RCN uses the Hartree–Fock method or a number of variations of this method such as the Hartree–Slater (HS) or Hartree plus statistical Exchange (HX) methods to calculate one-electron radial wavefunctions along with direct, exchange and spin-orbit interaction integrals. RCN2 uses the output wavefunctions from RCN to calculate the configuration-interaction Coulomb integrals. Finally, RCG sets up energy matrices for each possible value of the total angular momentum J, diagonalizes each matrix to obtain the eigenvalues (level energies) and eigenvectors (from which the state mixing coefficients can be obtained) and then computes spectra, with wavelengths, oscillator strengths, radiative transition probabilities, and radiative lifetimes.
After testing a number of possible pairs of upper and lower state configurations, the final electron configurations for each of the low-lying states were finally chosen and are given in Table 1. In order to optimize the calculations, the values of Slater integrals were reduced. Specifically, the direct (Fk) and exchange (Gk) integrals were reduced by 15%, as were the configuration interaction (Rk) integrals. In addition, the spin-orbit integrals were reduced by 5%.
In Figure 1, we show the gf values for the 5d → 6p transitions from the ground electron configuration of Bi+. The photoabsorption cross section is related to the oscillator strength, which is in turn given by the weighted oscillator strength normalized to the multiplicity of the lower state, so the gf values were used to compare with the experiment in this work. As can be seen, 5d subshell photoabsorption from the ground configuration 5d106s26p2 dominated the spectrum and resulted in the strong observed photoabsorption peaks at 50.02, 50.18 and 51.08 nm. According to calculations with the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes, these three peaks are mainly due to the transitions 5d106s26p2 (1S) 1D2 → 5d96s26p3 (2D) 1D2, 5d106s26p2 (1S) 1D2 → 5d96s26p3 (2D) 1F3, 5d106s26p2 (1S) 3P2 → 5d96s26p3 (4S) 3D3, respectively.
In Figure 2, we show the contribution of 5d → 6p transitions from low-lying excited configurations of Bi+ to the overall absorption spectrum. The plasma temperature was expected to be less than 2 eV for the prevailing experimental conditions [34], and so the population of low-lying excited states would be expected to be a low % of the ground state population. Their contribution to the measured spectrum was thus expected to be finite, but small.
Table 2 includes some of the strongest predicted transitions arising from low-lying (excited) electron configurations of Bi+. The contributions from the excited states were particularly complex as many transitions were possible. For 5d106s26p2 → 5d96s26p3, there were 97 transitions in the calculation, 61 of them with a gf value bigger than 0.01. For 5d106s6p3 → 5d96s6p4, there were 353 transitions in the calculation, 180 of them with a gf value bigger than 0.01. For 5d106s26p6d → 5d96s26p26d, there were 1506 transitions in the calculation, 591 of them with a gf value bigger than 0.01. For 5d106s26p7p → 5d96s26p27p, there were 860 transitions in the calculation, 297 of them with a gf value bigger than 0.01. For 5d106s26p7s → 5d96s26p27s, there were 123 transitions in the calculation, 69 of them with a gf value bigger than 0.01.
In Figure 3, we show the measured photoabsorption spectrum of Bi+ compared with synthetic spectra built from the convolution of the gf values with a Gaussian function (0.045 nm FWHM), chosen to represent the spectrometer instrument function. In Figure 3a, the simulation included photoabsorption from the ground electron configuration only. The resulting synthetic spectrum exhibited reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The relative heights and positions of the overall spectrum and some discrete features were reproduced by the calculation, specifically, the discrete photoabsorption features at 50.02 nm (5d106s26p2 (1S) 1D2 → 5d96s26p3 (2D) 1D2), 50.18 nm (5d106s26p2 (1S) 1D2 → 5d96s26p3 (2D) 1F3) and 51.08 nm (5d106s26p2 (1S) 3P2 → 5d96s26p3 (4S) 3D3). As shown in Figure 2, there were features in the 47–50 nm region due to the 5d → 6p transitions from excited states of Bi+. Specifically, there were quite strong features in the 48.01–48.85 nm and 47.15–47.82 nm spectral regions. Some of the most intense of these transitions are listed in Table 2. In Figure 3b, we added contributions due to photoabsorption from these low-lying excited states to Figure 3a. The gf values for the associated transitions were multiplied by a small factor (5%) before including them in this synthetic spectrum. This in line with the low plasma temperature alluded to the above. It is clear that the transitions did indeed make a small but finite contribution to the overall spectral distribution.

4. Conclusions

To conclude, the rather unexplored spectral region (37–60 nm) of the Bi+ spectrum was investigated. The 5d → 6p transitions, arising from levels associated with the ground state electron configuration, were identified as the dominant contributors to the observed spectrum. The experimental findings were complemented by theoretical calculations performed with the aid of the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes. Using the computed data, the synthetic spectrum of Bi+ was constructed in the spectral region of interest and reproduced the overall shapes and some of the discrete features of the experimental spectrum quite well. Importantly, 5d → 6p transitions from low-lying excited states are believed to make a small but finite contribution to the Bi+ spectrum for our experimental conditions, mostly in the 47–50 nm spectral range.

Author Contributions

Data curation, H.L. and P.H.; formal analysis, H.L. and L.V.; writing—original draft preparation, H.L. and L.V.; writing—review and editing, P.H., E.T.K., J.-P.M. and J.T.C.; analytical calculations and visualization, H.L.; supervision, J.T.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work is supported by the Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme EXTATIC, Project No. 2012-0033, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) Grant No. 19/RDD/556 and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Grant Nos. 19/FFP/6956 and 13/SIRG/2100. The work is associated with EU H2020 COST Action No. CA17126 (TUMIEE).

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the listed funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Atoms 08 00055 g001 550
Figure 1. The experimentally recorded spectrum (black) of Bi+ together with the gf values (blue) for the 5d→6p transition array, i.e., 5d106s26p2→ 5d96s26p3 transitions.
Figure 1. The experimentally recorded spectrum (black) of Bi+ together with the gf values (blue) for the 5d→6p transition array, i.e., 5d106s26p2→ 5d96s26p3 transitions.
Atoms 08 00055 g001
Atoms 08 00055 g002 550
Figure 2. Calculated gf values for 5d–6p transitions from low-lying, excited configurations of Bi+ compared to the observed spectrum. From top to bottom and from left to right: 5d106s6p3→5d96s6p4, 5d106s26p6d→5d96s26p26d, 5d106s26p7p→5d96s26p27p and 5d106s26p7s→5d96s26p27s.
Figure 2. Calculated gf values for 5d–6p transitions from low-lying, excited configurations of Bi+ compared to the observed spectrum. From top to bottom and from left to right: 5d106s6p3→5d96s6p4, 5d106s26p6d→5d96s26p26d, 5d106s26p7p→5d96s26p27p and 5d106s26p7s→5d96s26p27s.
Atoms 08 00055 g002
Atoms 08 00055 g003 550
Figure 3. A comparison between the synthetic spectra and experimental data. (a) Simulated spectrum including photoabsorption from the ground electron configuration of Bi+ only. (b) Simulated spectrum including photoabsorption both from the ground and from low-lying excited states of Bi+.
Figure 3. A comparison between the synthetic spectra and experimental data. (a) Simulated spectrum including photoabsorption from the ground electron configuration of Bi+ only. (b) Simulated spectrum including photoabsorption both from the ground and from low-lying excited states of Bi+.
Atoms 08 00055 g003
Table
Table 1. Ground and lowly lying electron configurations of Bi+ included in the Cowan code photoabsorption calculations.
Table 1. Ground and lowly lying electron configurations of Bi+ included in the Cowan code photoabsorption calculations.
Ground ConfigurationLow-Lying (Excited) Configurations
5d106s26p25d106s6p3
5d106s26p6d
5d106s26p7s
5d106s26p7p
Table
Table 2. Transitions arising from lowly lying (excited) electron configurations of Bi+.
Table 2. Transitions arising from lowly lying (excited) electron configurations of Bi+.
Wavelength
Region (nm)		Transitionsλ (nm)gf Values
48.01–48.855d106s6p3 (2D) 3D2 →5d96s6p4 (1D) 3F348.481.7998
5d106s6p3 (2D) 3D3 → 5d96s6p4 (1D) 3F448.191.3768
5d106s26p6d (2P) 3F3 → 5d96s26p26d (3P) 3G448.291.7533
5d106s26p6d (2P) 3F2 → 5d96s26p26d (3P) 3G348.581.0639
5d106s26p7p (2P) 3D2 → 5d96s26p27p (3P) 3F348.292.0222
5d106s26p7p (2P) 3D1 → 5d96s26p27p (3P) 3F248.271.1598
5d106s26p7s (2P) 3P2 → 5d96s26p27s (3P) 3D348.212.6750
5d106s26p7s (2P) 1P1 → 5d96s26p27s (3P) 1D248.241.7633
5d106s26p7s (2P) 3P2 → 5d96s26p27s (3P) 3P248.051.1502
47.15–47.825d106s26p6d (2P) 3F4 → 5d96s26p26d (3P) 3G547.752.9095
5d106s26p6d (2P) 1F3 → 5d96s26p26d (3P) 1G447.802.1086
5d106s26p6d (2P) 3F4 → 5d96s26p26d (3P) 3F447.451.9398
5d106s26p6d (2P) 3P2 → 5d96s26p26d (1D) 3D347.341.9009
5d106s26p7p (2P) 3D3 → 5d96s26p27p (3P) 3F447.433.3784
5d106s26p7p (2P) 3D3 → 5d96s26p27p (3P) 3D347.282.2064
5d106s26p7p (2P) 1D2 → 5d96s26p27p (3P) 1F347.552.4676

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Lu, H.; Varvarezos, L.; Hayden, P.; Kennedy, E.T.; Mosnier, J.-P.; Costello, J.T. The 5d-6p VUV Photoabsorption Spectrum of Bi+. Atoms 2020, 8, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030055

AMA Style

Lu H, Varvarezos L, Hayden P, Kennedy ET, Mosnier J-P, Costello JT. The 5d-6p VUV Photoabsorption Spectrum of Bi+. Atoms. 2020; 8(3):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030055

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu, Hu, Lazaros Varvarezos, Patrick Hayden, Eugene T Kennedy, Jean-Paul Mosnier, and John T Costello. 2020. "The 5d-6p VUV Photoabsorption Spectrum of Bi+" Atoms 8, no. 3: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030055

APA Style

Lu, H., Varvarezos, L., Hayden, P., Kennedy, E. T., Mosnier, J. -P., & Costello, J. T. (2020). The 5d-6p VUV Photoabsorption Spectrum of Bi+. Atoms, 8(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030055

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