Release Episodes of Electrons and Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Selection and Analysis Methods
2.1. Data Selection
2.2. Data Analysis and Methods
2.2.1. Onset Time Determination
2.2.2. Velocity Dispersion Analysis
2.2.3. Fraction Velocity Dispersion Analysis
2.2.4. Time Shifting Analysis
3. Results
3.1. SEP Associations with Other Observables
3.2. The Classification of SEP Events
3.3. Analysis
3.3.1. Path Lengths for Protons and Electrons:
3.3.2. Proton Event Groups
3.3.3. Proton Events, Temporarily Related Electron Events, and Release Episodes
3.3.4. Release Episodes and the Location of the Solar Source
3.3.5. Release Episodes and Shock Heights
4. Discussion & Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The 21 SEP Events of the Study
ID | Event Date | T | T (min) | T | T (min) | H | T | T | T | H | (°) | (°) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9 May1999 | 18:00 | 33 | 18:11 | 7.66 | 2.76 | 3.34 | 17:54 | 18:06 | Nan | Nan | Nan | Nan |
2 | 27 May 1999 | 11:14 | 6.14 | 10:59 | 2.39 | 5.99 | 3.8 | 10:36 | 11:05 | 10:55 | 3.22 | Nan | Nan |
3 | 11 June 1999 | 0:35 | 4.53 | 0:48 | 2.52 | 1.8 | 2.61 | 00:40 | Nan | Nan | Nan | Nan | |
4 | 18 February 2000 | 9:10 | 6.95 | 9:29 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 2.73 | 9:16 | 9:25 | 9:44 | 3.88 | 72 | 5.66 |
5 | 22 July 2000 | 11:39 | 14.15 | 11:52 | 1.41 | 2.98 | 4.36 | 11:27 | 11:33 | 11:45 | 3.61 | 56 | −3.1 |
6 | 20 May 2001 | 6:29 | 17.76 | 6:20 | 5 | 3.34 | 2.92 | 06:10 | 6:05 | 2.22 | Nan | Nan | |
7 | 4 June 2001 | 16:49 | 29.66 | 16:42 | 2.55 | 4 | 3.72 | 16:22 | 16:37 | Nan | Nan | 59 | 1.17 |
8 | 27 January 2002 | 12:32 | 16.84 | 12:45 | 6.24 | 3.34 | 4.62 | 12:10 | 12:30 | 12:49 | 5.01 | Nan | Nan |
9 | 18 August 2002 | 22:12 | 10.56 | 21:43 | 11 | 4.33 | 2.63 | 21:10 | 21:20 | Nan | Nan | 19 | −26.08 |
10 | 20 August 2002 | 8:38 | 27.87 | 8:41 | 5 | 3.57 | 3.85 | 8:25 | 8:30 | Nan | Nan | 38 | −13.99 |
11 | 31 May 2003 | 2:28 | 11.99 | 2:33 | 5 | 2.2 | 2.99 | 2:20 | 2:40 | 3:00 | 7.26 | 65 | 32.13 |
12 | 9 November 2004 | 18:50 | 4.3 | 17:32 | 5 | 19.53 | 6.08 | 17:00 | 17:25 | 17:35 | 6.6 | 51 | 11.32 |
13 | 14 July 2005 | 11:32 | 32.58 | 10:55 | 10.25 | 12.81 | 6.07 | 10:20 | 10:40 | 11:00 | 6.98 | 90 | 39.05 |
14 | 22 August 2005 | 18:09 | 35.71 | 17:21 | 5 | 14.04 | 4.2 | 17:00 | 17:30 | 17:15 | 2.97 | 65 | 17.74 |
15 | 21 March 2011 | 2:57 | 20.08 | 2:42 | 5 | 6.05 | 4.31 | 2:17 | 2:35 | 2:20 | 1.77 | Nan | Nan |
16 | 2 August 2011 | 7:07 | 38.96 | 6:26 | 2.42 | 5.24 | 2.73 | 6:03 | 6:27 | 6:15 | 2.05 | 15 | −35.44 |
17 | 8 August 2011 | 18:03 | 13.03 | 18:00 | 1.53 | 2.12 | 1.77 | 17:59 | 18:10 | 2.93 | 61 | 17.08 | |
18 | 13 March 2012 | 17:27 | 3.98 | 17:31 | 1.75 | 2.13 | 2.78 | 17:20 | 17:42 | 17:35 | 3.43 | 59 | 13.51 |
19 | 20 February 2014 | 7:29 | 12.73 | 7:50 | 1.62 | 1.06 | 2.78 | 7:38 | 7:51 | 8:05 | 4 | 43 | 0.69 |
20 | 25 August 2014 | 17:54 | 53.17 | 15:51 | 5.46 | 10.25 | 4.36 | 14:50 | 15:25 | 15:20 | 2.88 | 36 | −61.41 |
21 | 20 September 2015 | 18:08 | 11.55 | 18:01 | 3 | 1.78 | 1.03 | 17:55 | 18:20 | 18:23 | 3.39 | 24 | −23.7 |
No | Date | Proton VDA | Electron FVDA | Electron TSA | SXR | CME (1st obs.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UT | (AU) | UT | (AU) | UT | (Peak Time) | (Magnitude) | (°) | UT | ||
1 | 9 May 1999 | 18:00 ± 33 | 2.13 ± 0.62 | 18:11 ± 08 | 1.76 ± 0.40 | 18:10 ± 05 | 18:10 | M7.6 | Nan (long > 90) | 18:28 |
2 | 27 May 1999 | 11:14 ± 06 | 1.02 ± 0.13 | 10:59 ± 02 | 1.20 ± 0.13 | 10:57 ± 05 | Nan | Nan | Nan | 11:06 |
3 | 11 June 1999 | 00:35 ± 05 | 1.35 ± 0.12 | 00:48 ± 03 | 1.62 ± 0.13 | 00:47 ± 05 | Nan | Nan | Nan | 01:27 |
4 | 18 February 2000 | 09:10 ± 06 | 1.59 ± 0.17 | 09:29 ± 01 | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 09:21 ± 05 | 09:23 | C1.1 | 72W | 09:54 |
5 | 22 July 2000 | 11:39 ± 14 | 1.58 ± 0.34 | 11:52 ± 01 | 1.56 ± 0.08 | 11:43 ± 05 | 11:25 | M3.7 | 56W | 11:54 |
6 | 20 May 2001 | 06:29 ± 18 | 1.11 ± 0.44 | 06:20 ± 01 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 06:17 ± 05 | 06:30 | M6.4 | Nan (long > 90) | 06:26 |
7 | 4 June 2001 | 16:49 ± 30 | 1.91 ± 0.58 | 16:42 ± 03 | 1.22 ± 0.15 | 16:28 ± 05 | 16:26 | M3.2 | 59W | 16:30 |
8 | 27 January 2002 | 12:32 ± 17 | 2.67 ± 0.36 | 12:45 ± 06 | 1.23 ± 0.31 | 12:50 ± 05 | Nan | Nan | Nan | 12:30 |
9 | 18 August 2002 | 22:12 ± 11 | 1.69 ± 0.23 | 21:43 ± 11 | 1.22 ± 0.54 | 21:22 ± 05 | 21:36 | M2.2 | 19W | 21:54 |
10 | 20 August 2002 | 08:38 ± 28 | 2.55 ± 0.65 | 08:41 ± 08 | 1.12 ± 0.54 | 08:38 ± 05 | 08:24 | M3.4 | 38W | 08:55 |
11 | 31 May 2003 | 02:28 ± 12 | 1.10 ± 0.37 | 02:33 ± 02 | 1.05 ± 0.12 | 02:28 ± 05 | 02:21 | M9.3 | 65W | 02:30 |
12 | 9 November 2004 | 18:50 ± 4 | 1.96 ± 0.12 | 17:32 ± 14 | 1.07 ± 0.84 | 17:27 ± 05 | 17:13 | M8.9 | 51W | 17:26 |
13 | 14 July 2005 | 11:32 ± 32 | 2.46 ± 0.67 | 10:55 ± 10 | 1.72 ± 0.60 | 08:36 ± 05 | 10:21 | X1.2 | 90W | 10:54 |
14 | 22 August 2005 | 18:09 ± 36 | 2.41 ± 0.83 | 17:21 ± 01 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 17:18 ± 05 | 16:57 | M5.6 | 65W | 17:30 |
15 | 21 March 2011 | 02:57 ± 20 | 2.86 ± 0.43 | 02:42 ± 11 | 1.12 ± 0.63 | 03:02 ± 05 | Nan | Nan | Nan | 02:24 |
16 | 2 August 2011 | 07:07 ± 39 | 1.82 ± 0.80 | 06:26 ± 02 | 1.00 ± 0.14 | 06:23 ± 05 | 06:14 | M1.4 | 15W | 06:36 |
17 | 8 August 2011 | 18:03 ± 13 | 1.52 ± 0.30 | 18:00 ± 02 | 1.69 ± 0.08 | 17:59 ± 05 | 18:06 | M3.5 | 61W | 18:12 |
18 | 13 March 2012 | 17:27 ± 4 | 1.04 ± 0.09 | 17:31 ± 02 | 1.30 ± 0.10 | 17:29 ± 05 | 17:24 | M7.9 | 59W | 17:36 |
19 | 20 February 2014 | 07:29 ± 13 | 1.62 ± 0.30 | 07:50 ± 02 | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 07:49 ± 05 | 07:46 | M3.0 | 43W | 08:00 |
20 | 25 August 2014 | 17:54 ± 53 | 2.26 ± 1.02 | 15:51 ± 05 | 1.32 ± 0.33 | 16:08 ± 05 | 15:02 | M2.0 | 36W | 15:36 |
21 | 20 September 2015 | 18:08 ± 12 | 1.90 ± 0.22 | 18:01 ± 03 | 1.36 ± 0.17 | 17:47 ± 05 | 17:51 | M2.1 | 24W | 18:12 |
1 | https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/, accessed on 20 September 2023 |
2 | https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/, accessed on 20 September 2023 |
3 | http://193.190.230.139/, accessed on 20 September 2023 |
4 | https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/radio/waves_type2.html, accessed on 20 September 2023 |
5 | available at https://secchirh.obspm.fr/, accessed on 20 September 2023 |
6 | which follows from the histograms and in the next section |
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Mean () | Median () | Standard Deviation () | |
---|---|---|---|
3.48 | 3.13 | 1.33 | |
5.27 | 3.44 | 4.87 | |
3.89 | 3.41 | 1.71 |
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Kolympiris, V.; Papaioannou, A.; Kouloumvakos, A.; Daglis, I.A.; Anastasiadis, A. Release Episodes of Electrons and Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events. Universe 2023, 9, 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9100432
Kolympiris V, Papaioannou A, Kouloumvakos A, Daglis IA, Anastasiadis A. Release Episodes of Electrons and Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events. Universe. 2023; 9(10):432. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9100432
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolympiris, Vasilis, Athanasios Papaioannou, Athanasios Kouloumvakos, Ioannis A. Daglis, and Anastasios Anastasiadis. 2023. "Release Episodes of Electrons and Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events" Universe 9, no. 10: 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9100432