Involvement of Spermidine in the Reduced Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans During Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Organisms
2.2. Preparation of a Homogenate of Worms
2.3. Determination of Free Amino Acids in Worm Bodies
2.4. Enzyme Assays
2.5. Other Assays
2.6. Quantitative PCR Analysis
2.7. Lifespan Analysis
2.8. Protein Quantitation
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of B12 Deficiency on Free Amino Acids in C. elegans
3.2. Effects of B12 Deficiency on Arginase Activity and the Levels of mRNAs Encoding Putative Arginase in C. elegans
3.3. Effect of B12 Deficiency on Polyamine Levels of C. elegans
3.4. Effect of Supplementation of Spd on the Lifespan of C. elegans
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C. elegans (mmol/g wet weight) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Control | B12 Deficiency | Recovery | |
Amino acids | |||
Aspatic acid | 1.29 ± 0.22 | 0.58 ± 0.22 | 1.37 ± 0.29 |
Threonine | 0.55 ± 0.04 | 0.80 ± 0.10 * | 0.49 ± 0.08 |
Serine | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.08 |
Asparagine | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.05 |
Glutamic acid | 3.27 ± 0.38 | 3.41 ± 0.28 | 3.32 ± 0.45 |
Glutamine | 1.32 ± 0.22 | 1.28 ± 0.29 | 1.27 ± 0.15 |
Glycine | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.63 ± 0.11 |
Alanine | 5.80 ± 0.66 | 6.05 ± 0.22 | 5.53 ± 0.39 |
Valine | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.13 * | 0.52 ± 0.09 |
Methionine | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.03 * | 0.22 ± 0.04 |
Isoleucine | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.61 ± 0.08 * | 0.36 ± 0.05 |
Leucine | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 1.07 ± 0.12 * | 0.63 ± 0.10 |
Tyrosine | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.04 |
Phenylalanine | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.40 ± 0.06 |
Ornithine | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.05 * | 0.29 ± 0.10 |
Lysine | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.71 ± 0.01 * | 0.40 ± 0.04 |
Histidine | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.12 | 0.39 ± 0.05 |
Arginine | 0.88 ± 0.10 | 1.14 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.05 |
Hydroxyproline | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.03 |
Others | |||
Cystathionine | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 3.57 ± 0.31 * | 0.78 ± 0.13 |
Aminoadipic acid | 0.79 ± 0.09 | 1.44 ± 0.12 * | 0.92 ± 0.15 |
Urea | 1.66 ± 0.52 | 2.44 ± 0.90 | 1.84 ± 0.66 |
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Bito, T.; Okamoto, N.; Otsuka, K.; Yabuta, Y.; Arima, J.; Kawano, T.; Watanabe, F. Involvement of Spermidine in the Reduced Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans During Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Metabolites 2019, 9, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090192
Bito T, Okamoto N, Otsuka K, Yabuta Y, Arima J, Kawano T, Watanabe F. Involvement of Spermidine in the Reduced Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans During Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Metabolites. 2019; 9(9):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090192
Chicago/Turabian StyleBito, Tomohiro, Naho Okamoto, Kenji Otsuka, Yukinori Yabuta, Jiro Arima, Tsuyoshi Kawano, and Fumio Watanabe. 2019. "Involvement of Spermidine in the Reduced Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans During Vitamin B12 Deficiency" Metabolites 9, no. 9: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090192