Targeted Clinical Metabolite Profiling Platform for the Stratification of Diabetic Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. LC-MS
2.3. Method Validation
2.4. Feasibility of the Method for the Analysis of Samples from a Diabetes Cohort
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Standard Solutions
4.2. Samples
4.3. Sample Preparation
4.4. Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-Mass Spectrometry
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Abbreviation | Group | Vendor | Solvent, Stock Solution |
---|---|---|---|---|
L-Glutamine | Gln | Amino acids + related metabolites | Sigma-Aldrich | H2O |
Glycine | Gly | 0.1 M HCl | ||
L-Alanine | Ala | |||
L-Leucine | Leu | |||
L-Isoleucine | Ile | |||
L-Phenylalanine | Phe | |||
L-Tryptophan | Trp | |||
L-Tyrosine | Tyr | |||
L-Glutamic Acid | Glu | |||
L-Citrulline | Cit | |||
L-Homocitrulline | HCit | SCB | ||
Asymmetric dimethylarginine | ADMA | |||
Symmetric dimethylarginine | SDMA | |||
DL-2-Aminoadipic Acid | AADA | Sigma-Aldrich | ||
L-Kynurenine | Kynu | |||
Taurine | Taurine | |||
Deoxycholic Acid | DCA | Bile acids | Sigma-Aldrich | MeOH |
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid | GCDCA | |||
Glycodeoxycholic Acid | GDCA | |||
Glycocholic Acid | GCA | |||
Taurodeoxycholic Acid | TDCA | |||
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid | TCDCA | |||
Deoxychenocholic Acid | CDCA | |||
Cholic Acid | CA | |||
Taurocholic Acid | TCA | |||
Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid | GUDCA | CIL | ||
Ursodeoxycholic Acid | UDCA | |||
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid | TUDCA | |||
Creatinine | Crea | Other metabolites | Sigma-Aldrich | 10% MeOH |
Indoxyl Sulfate | IndS | |||
N-methyl-nicotinamide | N-MNA | SCB | ||
Gamma-butyrobetaine | GBB | |||
Azelaic Acid | AzelA | Small organic acids | Sigma-Aldrich | MeOH |
L-3-hydroxybutyric Acid | β-OHB | 10% MeOH | ||
R-2-hydroxybutyric Acid | α(R)-OHB | |||
S-2-hydroxybutyric Acid | α(S)-OHB |
Compound | Molecular Weight (MW) | Ion Transition | Polarity | Fragmentor Voltage (V) | Collision Energy (V) | Cell Accelerator Voltage (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AADA | 161.2 | 330.2–160.1 | Negative | 150 | 10 | 1 |
ADMA and SDMA | 202.3 | 371.2–201.2 * | Negative | 150 | 5 | 5 |
371.2–156.1 | Negative | 150 | 20 | 1 | ||
Ala | 89.1 | 258.1–88.1 | Negative | 100 | 15 | 3 |
AzelA | 188.2 | 187.2–169 | Negative | 150 | 10 | 1 |
187.2–125.2 * | Negative | 150 | 15 | 1 | ||
β-OHB | 104.1 | 103.2–59.2 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 1 |
CA | 408.6 | 407.3–407.3 * | Negative | 250 | 0 | 1 |
407.3–343.3 | Negative | 250 | 35 | 3 | ||
CDCA | 392.6 | 391.3–391.3 | Negative | 250 | 0 | 3 |
Cit | 175.2 | 344.4–174.2 | Negative | 150 | 4 | 7 |
Crea | 113.1 | 114.1–86.2 | Positive | 150 | 11 | 4 |
114.1–44.1 * | Positive | 150 | 15 | 4 | ||
DCA | 392.6 | 391.2–345.3 * | Negative | 200 | 35 | 4 |
391.2–327.2 | Negative | 200 | 40 | 4 | ||
GBB | 146.2 | 147.2–88.1 * | Positive | 100 | 16 | 1 |
147.2–60.2 | Positive | 100 | 13 | 1 | ||
GCA | 465.6 | 464.3–402.1 | Negative | 250 | 40 | 4 |
464.3–74.1 * | Negative | 250 | 45 | 7 | ||
GCDCA | 449.6 | 448.3–386.3 | Negative | 150 | 40 | 2 |
GDCA | 449.6 | 448.3–402.1 | Negative | 250 | 40 | 2 |
GCDCA and GDCA | 449.6 | 448.3–74.2 | Negative | 200 | 55 | 2 |
Gln | 146.1 | 315.3–145.1 | Negative | 100 | 9 | 6 |
Glu | 147.1 | 316.1–146.1 | Negative | 100 | 6 | 6 |
Gly | 75.1 | 244.1–74.1 | Negative | 200 | 7 | 4 |
GUDCA | 449.6 | 448.3–386 | Negative | 250 | 40 | 2 |
448.3–74.1 * | Negative | 250 | 45 | 2 | ||
HCit | 189.2 | 358.3–188.1 | Negative | 200 | 10 | 1 |
358.3–145 * | Negative | 150 | 25 | 2 | ||
IndS | 213.2 | 212–132 * | Negative | 100 | 15 | 2 |
212–80 | Negative | 100 | 20 | 2 | ||
Kynu | 208.2 | 377–316.1 | Negative | 150 | 5 | 2 |
377–207 * | Negative | 150 | 5 | 5 | ||
Leu and Ile | 131.2 | 300.2–130.2 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 1 |
N-MNA | 136.2 | 137.1–108.1 | Positive | 100 | 15 | 2 |
137.1–80.2 * | Positive | 100 | 26 | 2 | ||
Phe | 165.2 | 334.2–164 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 1 |
Taurine | 125.2 | 294.1–124.1 * | Negative | 100 | 10 | 2 |
294.1–80.1 | Negative | 100 | 55 | 2 | ||
TCA | 515.7 | 514.3–123.8 | Negative | 300 | 65 | 5 |
514.3–80.2 * | Negative | 300 | 95 | 1 | ||
TDCA and TCDCA | 499.3 | 498.3–107.1 | Negative | 250 | 80 | 1 |
498.3–80.1 * | Negative | 300 | 90 | 1 | ||
Trp | 204.2 | 373.2–203.1 | Negative | 150 | 7 | 2 |
TUDCA | 499.7 | 498.3–107.1 | Negative | 300 | 65 | 5 |
498.3–80.1 * | Negative | 300 | 85 | 1 | ||
Tyr | 181.2 | 350.2–180.1 | Negative | 100 | 7 | 5 |
AADA-d3 | 164.2 | 333.2–145.2 | Negative | 100 | 20 | 2 |
ADMA-d7 | 209.8 | 378–208.3 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 5 |
Ala-d4 | 93.1 | 262.1–92.1 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 6 |
α-OHB-d3 | 107.1 | 106.1–59.1 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 1 |
AzelA-d14 | 202.3 | 201.2–137.2 | Negative | 150 | 10 | 2 |
β-OHB-d4 | 108.1 | 107.1–59.1 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 1 |
CA-d4 | 412.3 | 411.3–411.3 | Negative | 250 | 0 | 3 |
CDCA-d4 and DCA-d4 | 396.6 | 395.2–395.2 | Negative | 300 | 0 | 4 |
Cit-d4 | 179.2 | 348.1–135.1 | Negative | 100 | 25 | 2 |
Crea-d5 | 118.2 | 119.2–49.3 | Positive | 100 | 20 | 1 |
GBB-d9 | 154.7 | 155.2–87.3 | Positive | 100 | 15 | 6 |
GCA-d4 | 469.6 | 468.3–74.1 | Negative | 250 | 45 | 1 |
GCDCA-d4 and GUDCA-d4 | 453.6 | 452.3–74.1 | Negative | 250 | 40 | 1 |
GDCA-d6 | 455.7 | 454.3–408.2 | Negative | 250 | 55 | 4 |
Gln-d5 | 151.2 | 320.1–150.1 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 1 |
Glu-d5 | 152.1 | 321.1–151.1 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 1 |
Gly-13C,d2 | 78.1 | 247–77.1 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 7 |
HCit-2H4 | 193.2 | 362.2–192.2 | Negative | 100 | 5 | 6 |
IndS-d4 | 217.3 | 216–136.1 | Negative | 100 | 15 | 2 |
Kynu-13C6 | 214.2 | 383.1–195.8 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 6 |
Leu-d10 and Ile-d10 | 141.2 | 310.1–140 | Negative | 125 | 10 | 2 |
N-MNA-d4 | 140.2 | 141.2–84.2 | Positive | 100 | 20 | 7 |
Phe-d5 | 170.2 | 339.1–169.1 | Negative | 150 | 5 | 1 |
Taurine-d4 | 129.2 | 298.3–128.2 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 3 |
TCA-d4 | 519.7 | 518.3–80 | Negative | 340 | 100 | 7 |
TCDCA-d9 | 508.3 | 507.4–80.1 | Negative | 300 | 95 | 1 |
Trp-d8 | 212.3 | 381.2–211.2 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 5 |
TUDCA-d4 | 503.7 | 502.3–80.1 | Negative | 300 | 100 | 1 |
Tyr-d7 | 188.2 | 357.1–187.2 | Negative | 100 | 10 | 1 |
UDCA-d4 | 396.6 | 395.3–395.3 | Negative | 250 | 0 | 4 |
Compound | Linearity (R2) Range (LLOQ-ULOQ) (ng mL−1) | LOD (ng/mL−1) | %RSD_Rt, Intra-Day | %RSD_Area, Intra-Day (N = 4) | %RSD_Rt, Inter-Day | %RSD_Area, Inter-Day (N = 15) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 ng mL−1 | 1000 ng mL−1 | 10,000 ng mL−1 | 100 ng mL−1 | 1000 ng mL−1 | 10,000 ng mL−1 | |||||
AADA | 0.984 5000–75,000 | 500 | 0.2 (N = 4) | - | - | 9.1 | 0.1 (N = 15) | - | - | 8.7 |
ADMA and SDMA | 0.992 2500–50,000 | 500 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 5.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 (N = 30) | - | 8.5 | 4.2 |
Ala | 0.996 500–50,000 | <2.5 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 4.5 | 3.0 | 0.1 (N = 30) | - | 9.8 | 13.6 |
AzelA | 0.995 500–10,000 | <2.5 | 0.5 (N = 8) | - | 11.4 | 3.9 | - | - | 15.8 | 8.4 |
β-OHB | 0.970 2500–75,000 | 75 | 0.6 (N = 4) | - | - | 20.9 | 1.2 (N = 15) | - | - | 24.5 |
CA | 0.996 10–10,000 | 7.5 | 0.2 (N = 12) | 2.4 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 0.7 (N = 45) | 20.8 | 18.1 | 20.2 |
CDCA | 0.999 25–2500 | 7.5 | 0.2 (N = 8) | 4.0 | 4.9 | - | 0.2 (N = 45) | 4.3 | 5.1 | 14.2 |
Cit | 0.984 500–10,000 | 250 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 7.7 | 6.7 | 0.2 (N = 30) | - | 9.1 | 8.3 |
Crea | 0.973 250–7500 | 25 | 0.8 (N = 4) | - | 17.8 | - | 0.0 (N = 15) | - | 3.5 | - |
DCA | 0.996 5–2500 | 2.5 | 0.2 (N = 8) | 5.8 | 6.1 | - | 0.3 (N = 30) | 4.3 | 8.3 | - |
GBB | 0.974 250–10,000 | 50 | 0.5 (N = 8) | - | 18.7 | 15.9 | 1.5 (N = 30) | - | 27.3 | 28.5 |
GCA | 0.997 50–25,000 | 25 | 0.1 (N = 12) | 4.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.4 (N = 45) | 6.8 | 5.1 | 7.3 |
GCDCA and GDCA | 0.997 25–2500 | <2.5 | 0.2 (N = 8) | 1.9 | 4.2 | - | 0.5 (N = 30) | 16.4 | 16.1 | - |
Gln | 0.987 750–50,000 | 5 | 0.1 (N = 8) | - | 5.0 | 7.7 | 0.5 (N = 30) | - | 10.5 | 11.5 |
Glu | 0.990 750–75,000 | 500 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 13.9 | 10.7 | 0.3 (N = 30) | - | 10.9 | 5.2 |
Gly | 0.993 7500–75,000 | 1000 | 0.03 (N = 4) | - | - | 16.2 | 0.6 (N = 15) | - | - | 19.6 |
GUDCA | 0.994 75–10,000 | 25 | 0.1 (N = 12) | 5.0 | 9.0 | 10.6 | 0.3 (N = 45) | 13.1 | 10.9 | 6.2 |
HCit | 0.995 500–25,000 | 250 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 8.3 | 2.6 | 0.5 (N = 30) | - | 11.1 | 16.4 |
IndS | 0.986 5000–75,000 | 750 | 0.3 (N = 4) | - | - | 11.3 | 0.3 (N = 15) | - | - | 15.4 |
Kynu | 0.993 500–75,000 | 250 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 11.2 | 7.4 | 0.4 (N = 30) | - | 7.7 | 4.4 |
Leu and Ile | 0.997 25–75,000 | <2.5 | 0.4 (N = 12) | 4.6 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.5 (N = 45) | 13.0 | 14.0 | 5.7 |
N-MNA | 0.998 25–10,000 | <2.5 | 0.5 (N = 12) | 1.6 | 6.4 | 3.7 | 1.0 (N = 45) | 20.1 | 18.5 | 6.5 |
Phe | 0.995 250–25,000 | <2.5 | 0.4 (N = 0.4) | - | 5.9 | 6.6 | 0.4 (N = 30) | - | 10.1 | 4.6 |
Taurine | 0.994 250–25,000 | 10 | 0.2 (N = 8) | - | 8.3 | 5.7 | 0.5 (N = 30) | - | 8.4 | 8.7 |
TCA | 0.983 2500–25,000 | <2.5 | 0.1 (N = 4) | - | - | 4.5 | 0.3 (N = 15) | - | - | 15.5 |
TDCA and TCDCA | 0.984 1000–25,000 | 10 | 0.7 (N = 8) | - | 0.4 | 5.7 | 0.7 (N = 30) | - | 2.6 | 4.2 |
Trp | 0.996 25–25,000 | 25 | 0.4 (N = 12) | 9.0 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 0.5 (N = 45) | 18.8 | 5.4 | 5.3 |
TUDCA | 0.990 250–10,000 | 10 | 0.1 (N = 8) | - | 5.5 | 4.5 | 0.7 (N = 30) | - | 1.8 | 3.0 |
Tyr | 0.992 50–75,000 | 25 | 0.2 (N = 12) | 10.3 | 9.1 | 4.4 | 0.3 (N = 45) | 5.7 | 8.4 | 3.4 |
UDCA | 0.991 50–50,000 | 25 | 0.2 (N = 12) | 1.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.2 (N = 45) | 3.5 | 10.3 | 5.6 |
Metabolite Name | Normo-Albuminuria, Mean c (Standard Deviation) | Macro-Albuminuria, Mean c (Standard Deviation) | p Value | adj. p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid and Glycodeoxycholic Acid | 4.33 (11.74) | 2.10 (6.58) | 0.00012 | 0.0021 |
L-Kynurenine | 383.23 (249.28) | 309.03 (86.53) | 0.00043 | 0.0034 |
Tyrosine | 6185.75 (1865.87) | 7012.51 (2076.69) | 0.00057 | 0.0034 |
Tryptophan | 5913.04 (1705.38) | 6388.34 (1346.28) | 0.031 | 0.14 |
Asymmetric dimethylarginine and Symmetric Dimethylarginine | 165.73 (51.07) | 153.35 (18.60) | 0.26 | 0.57 |
Leucine and Isoleucine | 6393.48 (3159.65) | 7303.02 (3656.17) | 0.28 | 0.57 |
Chenodeoxycholic Acid | 1101.07 (7.10) | 1099.58 (6.38) | 0.29 | 0.57 |
Glycine | 9696.30 (5174.24) | 10,313.80 (3604.96) | 0.32 | 0.58 |
Glutamine | 31,651.43 (8920.90) | 29,020.85 (6798.27) | 0.4 | 0.63 |
L-Citrulline | 2235.88 (1160.64) | 2253.08 (852.27) | 0.42 | 0.63 |
Alanine | 16,925.72 (4875.55) | 16,087.19 (3345.81) | 0.58 | 0.75 |
Indoxyl Sulfate | 907.87 (493.53) | 920.80 (561.30) | 0.6 | 0.75 |
Homocitrulline | 11.36 (25.76) | 10.21 (20.90) | 0.62 | 0.75 |
Taurine | 4741.00 (2046.23) | 4128.35 (1424.84) | 0.77 | 0.86 |
Phenylalanine | 9337.50 (2600.13) | 8949.64 (2062.99) | 0.86 | 0.91 |
Glutamic Acid | 8164.60 (3588.71) | 9304.01 (7562.67) | 0.93 | 0.93 |
Internal Standard | Abbreviation | Group | Vendor | Solvent, Stock Solution | Concentration in ISTD MIX (ng mL−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
d5-Glutamine | d5-Gln | Amino acids + related metabolites | CIL | H2O | 30,000 |
d10-L-Leucine | d10-Leu | CDN | 0.1 M HCl | 5000 | |
2H4-L-Homocitrulline | 2H4-HCit | Alsachim | |||
Glycine-1-13C,2,2-d2 | 13C, d2-Gly | Sigma-Aldrich | |||
d4-DL-Alanine | d4-Ala | ||||
d5-L-Glutamic Acid | d5-Glu | ||||
d10-Isoleucine | d10-Ile | CIL | |||
d5-L-Phenylalanine | d5-Phe | 500 | |||
d8-Tryptophan | d8-Trp | 5000 | |||
d7-Tyrosine | d7-Tyr | ||||
d4-Citrulline | d4-Cit | 500 | |||
d3-L-2-Aminoadipic Acid | d3-AADA | 10,000 | |||
d7-Asymmetric dimethylarginine | d7-ADMA | 5000 | |||
13C6-Kynurenine | 13C6-Kynu | Alsachim | 30,000 | ||
d4-Taurine | d4-Taurine | 500 | |||
d4-Deoxycholic Acid | d4-DCA | Bile acids | CDN | MeOH | 500 |
d4-Glycocholic Acid | d4-GCA | 250 | |||
d4-Deoxychenocholic Acid | d4-CDCA | 500 | |||
d4-Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid | d4-GUDCA | 5000 | |||
d4-Cholic Acid | d4-CA | 500 | |||
d4-Ursodeoxycholic Acid | d4-UDCA | 250 | |||
d4-Glychochenodeoxycholic Acid | d4-GCDCA | CIL | 5000 | ||
d6-Glycodeoxycholic Acid | d6-GDCA | 30,000 | |||
d9-Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid | d9-TCDCA | 500 | |||
d4-Taurocholic Acid | d4-TCA | ||||
d4-Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid | d4-TUDCA | 250 | |||
d5-Creatinine | d5-Crea | Polar metabolites | CDN | 10% MeOH | 10,000 |
d4-N-methyl-nicotinamide | d4-N-MNA | 250 | |||
d9-Gamma-butyrobetaine | d9-GBB | 500 | |||
d4-Indoxyl Sulfate | d4-IndS | Sigma-Aldrich | 5000 | ||
d14-Azelaic Acid | d14-AzelA | Small organic acids | CDN | MeOH | 5000 |
d4-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid | d4-β-OHB | 10% MeOH | 100,000 | ||
d3-2-Hydroxybutyric Acid | d3-α-OHB |
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Share and Cite
Ahonen, L.; Jäntti, S.; Suvitaival, T.; Theilade, S.; Risz, C.; Kostiainen, R.; Rossing, P.; Orešič, M.; Hyötyläinen, T. Targeted Clinical Metabolite Profiling Platform for the Stratification of Diabetic Patients. Metabolites 2019, 9, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090184
Ahonen L, Jäntti S, Suvitaival T, Theilade S, Risz C, Kostiainen R, Rossing P, Orešič M, Hyötyläinen T. Targeted Clinical Metabolite Profiling Platform for the Stratification of Diabetic Patients. Metabolites. 2019; 9(9):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090184
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhonen, Linda, Sirkku Jäntti, Tommi Suvitaival, Simone Theilade, Claudia Risz, Risto Kostiainen, Peter Rossing, Matej Orešič, and Tuulia Hyötyläinen. 2019. "Targeted Clinical Metabolite Profiling Platform for the Stratification of Diabetic Patients" Metabolites 9, no. 9: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9090184