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Volume 15
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Article

Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy

by
Pedro Arend Guazzelli
1,
Felipe dos Santos Fachim
1,
Anderson Santos Travassos
1,
Caroline Casagrande Schaukoski
1,
Pâmela Cristina Lukasewicz Ferreira
2,
Fernanda Uruth Fontella
1,
Marco Antônio de Bastiani
3,
Adriano Martimbianco de Assis
4,* and
Diogo Onofre Souza
1,5,*
1
Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
2
Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
3
Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
4
Graduate Program in Health and Behaviour, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas—UCPel, Pelotas 96015-560, Brazil
5
Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metabolites 2025, 15(9), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090598
Submission received: 29 July 2025 / Revised: 4 September 2025 / Accepted: 5 September 2025 / Published: 8 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Profiling in Neurometabolisms)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neurological complication of acute liver failure (ALF) characterized by the accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites and impaired cerebral function. We aimed to examine the correlation between HE severity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels in a rat model of ALF induced by subtotal hepatectomy. Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent 92% hepatectomy and were monitored for neurological impairment via a standardized HE score. At twenty-four hours post surgery, CSF and blood were collected for biochemical analysis. Results: We found a significant positive correlation between neurological severity and CSF levels of glutamine (r = 0.929, p < 0.001) and albumin (r = 0.869, p < 0.001), both with HE grade I scores, highlighting their prominent role as HE biomarkers. Other amino acids, including aspartate (r = 0.790, p < 0.001), glutamate (r = 0.853, p < 0.001), isoleucine (r = 0.834, p < 0.001), leucine (r = 0.813, p < 0.001), lysine (r = 0.861, p < 0.001), methionine (r = 0.889, p < 0.001), phenylalanine (r = 0.916, p < 0.001), ornithine (r = 0.775, p < 0.001), tryptophan (r = 0.814, p < 0.001), and valine (r = 0.721, p < 0.001), also showed significant correlations with HE severity but not with HE grade I scores. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of glutamine and albumin in CSF as key biomarkers for assessing neurological severity in ALF patients.
Keywords: hepatic encephalopathy; acute liver failure; neurological severity grade; CSF glutamine; CSF albumin hepatic encephalopathy; acute liver failure; neurological severity grade; CSF glutamine; CSF albumin

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MDPI and ACS Style

Guazzelli, P.A.; Fachim, F.d.S.; Travassos, A.S.; Schaukoski, C.C.; Ferreira, P.C.L.; Fontella, F.U.; de Bastiani, M.A.; de Assis, A.M.; Souza, D.O. Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. Metabolites 2025, 15, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090598

AMA Style

Guazzelli PA, Fachim FdS, Travassos AS, Schaukoski CC, Ferreira PCL, Fontella FU, de Bastiani MA, de Assis AM, Souza DO. Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. Metabolites. 2025; 15(9):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090598

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guazzelli, Pedro Arend, Felipe dos Santos Fachim, Anderson Santos Travassos, Caroline Casagrande Schaukoski, Pâmela Cristina Lukasewicz Ferreira, Fernanda Uruth Fontella, Marco Antônio de Bastiani, Adriano Martimbianco de Assis, and Diogo Onofre Souza. 2025. "Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy" Metabolites 15, no. 9: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090598

APA Style

Guazzelli, P. A., Fachim, F. d. S., Travassos, A. S., Schaukoski, C. C., Ferreira, P. C. L., Fontella, F. U., de Bastiani, M. A., de Assis, A. M., & Souza, D. O. (2025). Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. Metabolites, 15(9), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090598

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