Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Collect and Plant Identification
2.3. Preparation of the P. parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.5. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.6. Ultra Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)
2.7. Cell Culture
2.8. MTT Cell Viability Assay
2.9. Alamar Blue® Viability Assay
2.10. Mutagenicity Assessment
2.11. SMART (Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test)
2.12. Animals
2.13. Acute Oral Toxicity
2.14. Repeated Dose Toxicity
2.15. Biochemical Parameters
2.16. Preparation of Liver Homogenate
2.17. Oxidative Stress Analysis
2.18. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Cosine | Mass Diffence | Mass | Molecular Formula | Ion Fragments | Adduct | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Catechin 7-arabinofuranoside | 0.87 | 0 | 423.13 | C20H22O10 | 291.08, 165.05, 147.04, 139.04, 123.05 | [M + H]+ |
2 | Glycoside | 0.88 | 0 | 600.265 | C28H38O13 | 411.17, 249.11, 187.07, 131.08, 69.03 | [M + NH4]+ |
3 | Loliolide | 0.87 | 0 | 197.116 | C11H16O3 | 179.11, 161.09, 135.12, 133.10, 107.09 | [M + H]+ |
Genotypes and Treatments (mg/mL) | Number of Flies | Spots per Fly (Number of Spots) Estatistical Diagnosis a | Spots with Mwh Clone c (n) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small Single Spots | Large Single Spots | Twin Spots | Total Spots | |||||||||||
(1–2 Cells) b | (>2 Cells) b | |||||||||||||
m = 2 | m = 5 | m = 5 | m = 2 | |||||||||||
ST * | ||||||||||||||
Negative Control | 40 | 0.28 | (11) | 0.05 | (02) | 0.00 | (00) | 0.33 | (13) | 13 | ||||
1.25 | 40 | 0.20 | (08) | − | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.20 | (08) | − | 8 |
2.5 | 40 | 0.25 | (10) | i | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.25 | (10) | − | 10 |
5 | 40 | 0.33 | (13) | i | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.03 | (01) | i | 0.35 | (14) | i | 14 |
DXR (0.125) | 40 | 2.85 | (114) | + | 2.33 | (93) | + | 2.43 | (97) | + | 7.60 | (304) | + | 304 |
HB * | ||||||||||||||
Negative Control | 40 | 0.45 | (18) | 0.05 | (02) | 0.00 | (00) | 0.50 | (20) | 20 | ||||
1.25 | 40 | 0.35 | (14) | − | 0.03 | (01) | i | 0.00 | (00) | i | 0.38 | (15) | − | 15 |
2.5 | 40 | 0.38 | (15) | − | 0.05 | (02) | i | 0.05 | (02) | i | 0.48 | (19) | − | 19 |
5 | 40 | 0.45 | (18) | − | 0.08 | (03) | i | 0.03 | (01) | i | 0.55 | (22) | − | 22 |
DXR (0.125) | 40 | 5.43 | (217) | + | 4.15 | (166) | + | 3.85 | (154) | + | 13.43 | (537) | + | 537 |
Organ (g) | Acute Oral Toxicity | Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2000 mg/kg | Control | 100 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | Control | 100 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | |
Male | Female | Male | ||||||||
Kidney (R) | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | 1.45 ± 0.04 | 1.44 ± 0.16 | 1.42 ± 0.51 | 1.45 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.17 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 1.30 ± 0.12 | 1.30 ± 0.05 |
Kidney (L) | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 1.36 ± 0.09 | 1.41 ± 0.11 | 1.45 ± 0.31 | 1.45 ± 0.01 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.24 ± 0.13 | 1.30 ± 0.12 | 1.30 ± 0.10 |
Liver | 3.41 ± 0.54 | 3.12± 0.32 | 9.54 ± 0.98 | 9.56 ± 0.56 | 9.45 ± 1.12 | 8.99 ± 1.32 | 8.54 ± 1.45 | 9.00 ± 1.43 | 8.00 ± 1.34 | 8.32 ± 1.42 |
Spleen | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.18± 0.01 | 1.34 ± 0.54 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 1.33 ± 0.44 | 1.47 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.25 | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 1.27 ± 0.05 |
Heart | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.30± 0.03 | 1.21 ± 0.02 | 1.24 ± 0.12 | 1.25 ± 0.05 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.17 | 1.14 ± 0.05 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.01 |
Lung | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 2.01 ± 0.54 | 1.99 ± 0.01 | 2.14 ± 0.01 | 1.49 ± 0.01 | 1.93 ± 0.30 | 1.78 ± 0.03 | 2.00 ± 0.14 | 1.80 ± 0.01 |
Stomach | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 3.12 ± 1.02 | 2.99 ± 0.02 | 2.90 ± 0.05 | 3.22 ± 0.45 | 3.18 ± 0.80 | 3.42 ± 0.78 | 3.35 ± 0.43 | 3.40 ± 0.33 |
Biochemical Parameters | Acute Oral Toxicity | Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2000 mg/kg | Control | 100 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | Control | 100 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | |
Male | Female | Male | ||||||||
Gluc (mg/dL) | 122 ± 21.9 | 120 ± 1.30 | 124.34 ± 42.32 | 120.05 ± 22.12 | 122.09 ± 25.02 | 120.98 ± 17.32 | 121.73 ± 32.0 | 121.10 ± 16.13 | 115.43 ± 15.34 | 115.94 ± 12.31 |
Trig (mg/dL) | 53 ± 5.65 | 55.6 ± 3.21 | 23.80 ± 6.87 | 24.99 ± 1.03 | 24.23 ± 1.09 | 23.98 ± 6.23 | 38.21 ± 5.12 | 36.12 ± 3.34 | 34.03 ± 1.76 | 35.22 ± 1.63 |
Chol (mg/dL) | 54.5 ± 6.06 | 56.2 ± 0.18 | 64.63 ± 10.32 | 63.12 ± 2.43 | 64.09 ± 5.22 | 60.74 ± 3.98 | 60.21 ± 9.42 | 62.32 ± 7.02 | 60.04 ± 6.95 | 58.93 ± 4.58 |
ALT (U/L) | 97 ± 4.24 | 99 ± 2.20 | 86.34 ± 15.64 | 88.32 ± 15.03 | 86.92 ± 13.33 | 85.65 ± 10.08 | 95.23 ± 11.54 | 96.65 ± 10.01 | 95.52 ± 8.98 | 93.13 ± 5.01 |
AST (U/L) | 250 ± 23.3 | 225 ± 9.31 | 109.98 ± 14.39 | 110.65 ± 9.38 | 110.24 ± 6.39 | 110.76 ± 5.98 | 100.23 ± 23.3 | 100.32 ± 5.35 | 102.98 ± 1.54 | 100.76 ± 3.99 |
γ-GT (U/L) | 12 ± 1.4 | 12.1 ± 0.02 | 10.98 ± 0.12 | 10.99 ± 1.05 | 10.12 ± 0.55 | 10.77 ± 1.01 | 9.89 ± 0.32 | 10.23 ± 1.61 | 10.32 ± 0.6 | 9.32 ± 0.12 |
TB (mg/dL) | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 1.46 ± 0.02 | 1.50 ± 0.01 | 1.40 ± 0.25 | 1.45 ± 0.24 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 1.39 ± 0.01 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.31 ± 0.43 |
DB (mg/dL) | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.103 ± 0.05 | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.05 | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | 1.43 ± 0.05 | 1.44 ± 0.01 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | 1.38 ± 0.12 |
IB (mg/dL) | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.001 | 0.08 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.005 | 0.08 ± 0.002 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 0.08 ± 0.001 | 0.08 ± 0.001 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 54.5 ± 7.7 | 30.2 ± 2.06 * | 35.23 ± 7.21 | 25.87 ± 5.81 * | 25.77 ± 4.81 * | 20.54 ± 1.02 * | 35.23 ± 7.21 | 24.87 ± 5.61 * | 24.77 ± 2.81 * | 20.22 ± 1.12 * |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 1.16 ± 0.35 | 1.12 ± 0.01 | 1.15 ± 0.21 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.26 ± 0.13 | 2.12 ± 0.01 | 1.16 ± 0.41 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 1.14 ± 0.05 |
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Senes-Lopes, T.F.d.; Luz, J.R.D.d.; Guterres, Z.d.R.; Barbosa, E.A.; Batista, D.; Galdino, O.A.; Ururahy, M.A.G.; Gomes dos Santos, E.C.; López, J.A.; Araujo-Silva, G.; et al. Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress. Metabolites 2023, 13, 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060748
Senes-Lopes TFd, Luz JRDd, Guterres ZdR, Barbosa EA, Batista D, Galdino OA, Ururahy MAG, Gomes dos Santos EC, López JA, Araujo-Silva G, et al. Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress. Metabolites. 2023; 13(6):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060748
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenes-Lopes, Tiago Felipe de, Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da Luz, Zaira da Rosa Guterres, Eder A. Barbosa, Débora Batista, Ony Araújo Galdino, Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy, Elizabeth Cristina Gomes dos Santos, Jorge A. López, Gabriel Araujo-Silva, and et al. 2023. "Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress" Metabolites 13, no. 6: 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060748