An NMR-Based Model to Investigate the Metabolic Phenoreversion of COVID-19 Patients throughout a Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Recruitment and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation, Instrumentation, and Sample Acquisition with IVDr NMR Metabolomics
2.3. NMR Quantifications
2.4. Cytokine and Chemokine Quantification
2.5. Filtering of Samples
2.6. Nomenclature for Days since COVID
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. COVID-19 Model
2.9. Estimation of Recovery Days
3. Results
3.1. Cohorts under Consideration
3.2. Early Metabolic Alterations in Acute and Mild COVID-19 Patients
3.3. Metabolic Phenoreversion over Time for Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized Recovered Patients
3.4. On the Lineage-Specific Metabolic Response of SARS-CoV-2
3.5. Potential Confounding Factors and Limitations of the Study
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor Type | Cohort | Days from Disease Onset | N | Recollection Time | Expected COVID-19 Variants | Vaccinated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | AC0 | 0 | 697 | Apr–Dec 2020 | FL, α, β | No |
RE0 | (0,7], (7–14], (14–30], (30,60], >60, TOT | 137, 96, 104, 97, 10, 444 | FL, α, β | No | ||
AC1 | 0 | 189 | Jan–Oct 2021 | γ, δ | Mixed | |
RE1 | (0,7], (7–14], (14–30], (30,60], >60, TOT | 100,1,15, 158, 79, 353 | γ, δ | Mixed | ||
General population | HC | no COVID | 8664 | Before 2020 | none | No |
NHR1 | (7–14], (30,60], >60, TOT | 1, 16, 78, 95 | Jun–Nov 2021 | δ, ο | No | |
NHRV1 | (0,7], (7–14], (14–30], (30,60], >60, TOT | 1, 2, 8, 27, 380, 418 | Jun–Dec 2021 | δ, ο | Yes | |
HC1 | no COVID | 238 | May–Nov 2021 | none | No | |
HCV1 | no COVID | 2322 | May–Dec 2021 | none | Yes |
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Gil-Redondo, R.; Conde, R.; Bizkarguenaga, M.; Bruzzone, C.; Laín, A.; González-Valle, B.; Iriberri, M.; Ramos-Acosta, C.; Anguita, E.; Arriaga Lariz, J.I.; et al. An NMR-Based Model to Investigate the Metabolic Phenoreversion of COVID-19 Patients throughout a Longitudinal Study. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121206
Gil-Redondo R, Conde R, Bizkarguenaga M, Bruzzone C, Laín A, González-Valle B, Iriberri M, Ramos-Acosta C, Anguita E, Arriaga Lariz JI, et al. An NMR-Based Model to Investigate the Metabolic Phenoreversion of COVID-19 Patients throughout a Longitudinal Study. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121206
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil-Redondo, Rubén, Ricardo Conde, Maider Bizkarguenaga, Chiara Bruzzone, Ana Laín, Beatriz González-Valle, Milagros Iriberri, Carlos Ramos-Acosta, Eduardo Anguita, Juan Ignacio Arriaga Lariz, and et al. 2022. "An NMR-Based Model to Investigate the Metabolic Phenoreversion of COVID-19 Patients throughout a Longitudinal Study" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121206