Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis: Role in the Provocation of Neurological Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Composition of Gut Microbiota and Its Associated Multifarious Function in Host Heath
2.1. Metabolic Function—Nutrient and Other Dietary Component Metabolism
2.2. Vitamins Supplier—Bacteria as a Source of Vitamins for Their Hosts
2.3. Immunomodulatory Role of Gut Microbiota
3. Host Factors Controlling Gut Microbiota
3.1. Delivery Pattern
3.2. Infant Feeding
3.3. Medication: Antibiotics
3.4. Genetics: mi-RNAs
4. Microbiota–Gut Brain Interconnection
5. Routeways for the Bidirectional Communication between the Gut and Brain
5.1. Neuronal Pathway: Activation of the Vagus Nerve
5.2. Microbial Signaling Molecules as a Pathway of Communication
5.3. Immune Signaling Pathway
6. Correlation between the Gut Microbiota and Cerebral Function
7. Gut Dysbacteriosis: Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options
7.1. Microbial Imbalance Leads to Several Neurological Disorders
7.2. Strategies to Prevent Dysbiosis of Microbiota
7.3. Potential Biomarker for Dysbiosis and Its Implications
8. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota-Derived Metabolites on Neurological Disorders
8.1. Aggregate-Forming Tendency of Gut Bacterial Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease
8.2. Impact of Microbiota on the Induction of Parkinson’s Disease
8.3. Huntington’s Disease Association with Gut Dysbiosis
8.4. Substantial Alteration of Human Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis
9. Altered Bile Acid Profile Associates with Neurological Dysfunction
10. The Role of Dysbiosis in the Aging Process
11. Synergetic Effect of Co-Infection and Microbial Interaction on a Neurological Disorder
12. Modulation of Gut Microbiota for Neurological Disorders in the Perspective of Host-Directed Therapy: Microbiota-Targeted Technique “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation”
13. Function of Modulated Microbial Communities in Healthy Aging and Rejuvenation
14. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GENUS | Alzheimer’s Disease | Parkinson’s Disease | Huntington’s Disease | Multiple Sclerosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | - |
Clostridium | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ |
Dialister | ↓ | - | - | - |
Turicibacter | ↓ | - | - | - |
Bacteroides | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | - |
Blautia | ↑ | ↓ | - | ↑ |
Bilophila | ↑ | - | - | - |
Lactobacillus | - | ↓ | - | ↓ |
Faecalibacterium | - | ↓ | ↑ | - |
Coprococcus | - | ↓ | - | - |
Prevotella | - | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
Akkermansia | - | ↑ | - | ↑ |
Methanobrevibacter | - | - | - | ↑ |
Butyricimonas | - | - | - | ↓ |
Collinsella | - | - | - | ↓ |
Slackia | - | - | - | ↓ |
Megamonas | - | - | ↓ | - |
Gemmiger | - | - | ↑ | - |
Allistipes | ↑ | - | ↓ | - |
S. No. | Therapeutic Approach | Phylum/Genus or the Name of Particular Bacteria | Neurological Disorder | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Recolonization of beneficial bacteria | Oral administration of Bacteroides fragilis | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | [174] |
2. | Fecal microbiota transplantation | Fecal microbiota suspension was injected through a TET tube. | Parkinson’s disease | [175] |
3. | Bacteriotherapy | Transcolonoscopic infusion of 13 non-pathogenic enteric bacteria | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) | [176] |
4. | Administration of human commensal bacteria | Bacteroides fragilis | MIA mouse model of ASD (autism spectrum disorder) | [177] |
5. | Probiotic supplementation | Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, Bifidobacterium lactis | Alzheimer’s disease | [178] |
6. | Fecal microbiota transplantation | FMT from healthy uninjured mice | Spinal cord injury (SCI) mice model | [179] |
7. | Probiotic supplementation | Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium longum BORI | Alzheimer’s disease | [180] |
8. | Probiotic supplementation | Bifidobacterium infantis | Rat maternal separation (MS) model of depression | [181] |
9. | Fecal microbiota transplantation | Fecal suspension injected into the colon through the catheters | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in male Sprague Dawley rats | [182] |
10. | Probiotic supplementation | Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, | Alzheimer’s disease triple-transgenic mice | [183] |
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Kandpal, M.; Indari, O.; Baral, B.; Jakhmola, S.; Tiwari, D.; Bhandari, V.; Pandey, R.K.; Bala, K.; Sonawane, A.; Jha, H.C. Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis: Role in the Provocation of Neurological Disorders. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111064
Kandpal M, Indari O, Baral B, Jakhmola S, Tiwari D, Bhandari V, Pandey RK, Bala K, Sonawane A, Jha HC. Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis: Role in the Provocation of Neurological Disorders. Metabolites. 2022; 12(11):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111064
Chicago/Turabian StyleKandpal, Meenakshi, Omkar Indari, Budhadev Baral, Shweta Jakhmola, Deeksha Tiwari, Vasundhra Bhandari, Rajan Kumar Pandey, Kiran Bala, Avinash Sonawane, and Hem Chandra Jha. 2022. "Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis: Role in the Provocation of Neurological Disorders" Metabolites 12, no. 11: 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111064
APA StyleKandpal, M., Indari, O., Baral, B., Jakhmola, S., Tiwari, D., Bhandari, V., Pandey, R. K., Bala, K., Sonawane, A., & Jha, H. C. (2022). Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota from the Perspective of the Gut–Brain Axis: Role in the Provocation of Neurological Disorders. Metabolites, 12(11), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111064