Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of FA Uptake by the Heart
2.1. Source of Long-Chain Fatty Acids
2.2. Lipolysis of TG Contained in TG-Rich Lipoproteins on the Luminal Side of the Capillary Endothelium
2.3. Fatty Acid Uptake by the Plasma Membrane of the Capillary Endothelium (Non-CD36-Mediated and CD36-Mediated Pathways)
2.4. Intracellular Fatty Acid Transport through the Capillary Endothelium
2.5. Fatty Acid Uptake by Cardiomyocytes
3. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of Genes Associated with Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport
3.1. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ
Ligand | Receptor/Transcription Factor | Target Genes | Target Tissues Influenced by the System | Reference | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PPARγ | CD36 | FABP4 | FABP5 | LPL | GPIHBP1 | ANGPTL4 | LIPG | FATP3 | FATP4 | ||||
PPARγ | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue | [35,36,37] | ||||||||
Meox2/Tcf15 | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | heart | [38] | |||||
Dll4 | Notch1/N1-ICD/Rbp-jκ | independent | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚪ | ⚫ | ⚪ | heart, skeletal muscle | [39,40] | ||||
Apelin | APLNR/phosphorylation of FOXO1 | ⚫ | skeletal muscle | [41] | |||||||||
VEGF-B | VEGFR/NPR1 | ⚪ | ⚪ | heart, BAT, skeletal muscle | [26] | ||||||||
ANGPTL2 | integrin α5β1 | ⚪ | ⚪ | subcutaneous adipose tissue | [42] | ||||||||
3-HIB | ⚪* | ⚪* | skeletal muscle | [43] |
3.2. Mesodermal Homeobox-2/Transcription Factor 15
3.3. Notch Signaling
Target Genes | Deficient Site | Inducible Knockout | VLDL-TG Uptake | FA Uptake | Glucose Uptake | Glut1/4 | Ketonein Serum | Contractile Performance In Vivo Estimated by Echocardiography | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LPL (functions at luminal side of capillary) | cardiomyocyte | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ aged | [44] | ||
cardiomyocyte | ⚪ | ↓ | [45] | ||||||
CD36 | whole | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | intact | [46,47,48,49] | ||
whole | ↓ | ↑ | prevention from age-induced cardiomyopathy | [49] | |||||
endothelium | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | not available | [21] | ||||
FABP4/5 | whole | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | intact | [23,50] | ||
Meox2+/−:Tcf15+/− | endothelium: whole | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ aged | [38] | ||||
Rbp-jκ (Notch signal) | endothelium | ⚪ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓↓ | [39] | ||
PPARγ | endothelium | →↓ | → | intact (personal observation) | [35] | ||||
VEGF-B | whole | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | not available | [26] | |||
FABP3 | whole | ↓ | ↑ | → | ↑ | not available | [51,52] | ||
CD36 | cardiomyocyte | → | → | not available | [21] | ||||
cardiomyocyte | ⚪ | ↓ (ex vivo) | ↑ (ex vivo) | intact | [53,54] |
3.4. Apelin/Apelin Receptor/Forkhead Box O1
3.5. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-B/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor/Fatty Acid Transport Proteins
3.6. Angiopoietin-Like 2/Integrin α5β1
3.7. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate
4. Association between In Vivo Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Fatty Acid Uptake
4.1. Limitation of Experiments with Ex Vivo Perfused Hearts
4.2. In Vivo Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport under Unstressed Conditions
4.3. In Vivo Cardiac Metabolism in CD36 KO Mice under Unstressed Conditions
4.4. In Vivo Contractile Dysfunction in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport under an Increased Afterload
4.5. Pool Size in the TCA Cycle as a Useful Marker for Energy Status
4.6. Mechanism Underlying the Enhancement of Glycolytic Flux in the Hearts of Mice with Reduced Fatty Acid Uptake
4.7. In Vivo Contractile Dysfunction in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Iso, T.; Kurabayashi, M. Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport. Metabolites 2021, 11, 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120889
Iso T, Kurabayashi M. Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport. Metabolites. 2021; 11(12):889. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120889
Chicago/Turabian StyleIso, Tatsuya, and Masahiko Kurabayashi. 2021. "Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport" Metabolites 11, no. 12: 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120889