Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Study Site
4.2. Diet
4.3. Sample Collection and AA Determination
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Treatments | RG T0 vs. RG T180 | CG T30 vs. RG T180 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG T30 | RG T0 | RG T180 | p | SEM 2 | p | SEM 2 | |
Urea (mg/dL) | 39.29 | 206.07 | 235.34 | 0.1871 | 13.75 | 0.0002 1 | - |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.12 | 3.11 | 4.30 | 0.0022 | 0.34 | <0.0001 | 0.45 |
Total calcium (mg/dL) | 10.73 | 11.33 | 11.94 | 0.3129 | 0.34 | 0.0847 | 0.34 |
Ionized calcium (mmol/L) | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.38 | 0.2327 | 0.2 | 0.3442 | 0.02 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.34 | 5.15 | 5.36 | 0.6309 | 0.28 | <0.0001 | 0.30 |
Parathormone (pg/mL) | - | 145.81 | 336.48 | 0.2077 | 70.62 | - | - |
FGF-23 (pg/mL) | - | 5645.67 | 5788.56 | 0.8580 | 1157.67 | - | - |
Variables | Treatments | RG T0 vs. RG T180 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
RG T0 | RG T180 | p | SEM 2 | |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.12 | 6.17 | 0.7772 | 0.12 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.23 | 3.18 | 1.0000 1 | 0.06 |
BCS | 5.70 | 5.30 | 0.3750 | 0.20 |
MMS | 2.20 | 2.40 | 0.6250 1 | 0.10 |
Body weight (kg) | 16.34 | 14.78 | 0.0453 | 3.05 |
Variables | Serum | Urine | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG T30 1 | RG T0 2 | RG T180 3 | p RGT0 vs. RG T180 | p RG T180 vs. CG T30 | CG T30 1 | RG T0 2 | RG T180 3 | p RG T0 vs. RG T180 | p RG T180 vs. CG T30 | |
Essential Amino Acids (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
Arginine | 367.78 ± 40.67 | 165.98 ± 24.06 | 153.36 ± 24.06 | 0.435 | <0.0001 | 36.73 ± 6.51 | 31.75 ± 24.52 | 27.12 ± 12.70 | 0.568 | 0.284 |
Histidine | 53.68 ± 6.25 | 65.02 ± 10.38 | 74.77 ± 15.64 | 0.079 | 0.001 | 8.20 ± 3.09 | 49.20 ± 52.41 | 56.05 ± 90.16 | 0.842 | 0.165 |
Isoleucine | 15.76 ± 1.14 | 44.11 ± 12.97 | 45.83 ± 14.56 | 0.750 | <0.0001 | 1.34 ± 0.59 | 23.17 ± 10.16 | 33.84 ± 13.84 | 0.049 | <0.0001 |
Leucine | 16.62 ± 2.79 | 87.65 ± 28.54 | 86.22 ± 25.39 | 0.893 | <0.0001 | 1.27 ± 0.24 | 16.82 ± 11.62 | 21.08 ± 33.26 | 0.659 | 0.069 |
Lysine | 33.34 ± 3.44 | 107.27 ± 27.14 | 110.51 ± 32.39 | 0.782 | <0.0001 | 9.68 ± 1.28 | 32.84 ± 44.86 | 28.38 ± 19.56 | 0.751 | 0.233 |
Methionine | 51.31 ± 11.45 | 44.79 ± 10.38 | 41.57 ± 9.92 | 0.500 | 0.071 | 6.73 ± 3.97 | 22.04 ± 19.58 | 23.20 ± 20.71 | 0.899 | 0.879 |
Phenylalanine | 1.82 ± 0.90 | 76.64 ± 10.06 | 66.23 ± 8.37 | 0.007 | <0.0001 | 1.74 ± 1.37 | 18.49 ± 13.25 | 27.89 ± 21.08 | 0.202 | 0.0028 |
Threonine | 117.68 ± 46.39 | 150.57 ± 38.02 | 164.85 ± 82.04 | 0.599 | 0.123 | 13.21 ± 9.45 | 92.13 ± 146.79 | 35.99 ± 17.98 | 0.223 | 0.646 |
Tryptophan | 10.27 ± 41.64 | 199.59 ± 30.00 | 150.66 ± 2.11 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 3.85 ± 2.51 | 78.25 ± 24.06 | 82.96 ± 23.48 | 0.614 | <0.0001 |
Valine | 133.33 ± 12.44 | 113.67 ± 32.56 | 122.68 ± 29.41 | 0.472 | 0.440 | 3.00 ± 1.17 | 14.77 ± 23.26 | 18.55 ± 35.97 | 0.759 | 0.245 |
Non-Essential Amino Acids (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
Alanine | 322.79 ± 92.36 | 351.64 ± 123.89 | 361.34 ± 178.00 | 0.878 | 0.583 | 23.36 ± 5.19 | 157.17 ± 201.62 | 115.97 ± 75.83 | 0.527 | 0.189 |
Asparagine | 100.97 ± 22.45 | 70.45 ± 22.45 | 72.30 ± 18.27 | 0.832 | 0.006 | 23.94 ± 4.97 | 53.19 ± 43.73 | 56.92 ± 45.18 | 0.837 | 0.107 |
Aspartate | 15.05 ± 14.89 | 7.31 ± 3.76 | 6.25 ± 1.15 | 0.763 | 0.031 | 4.68 ± 0.64 | 19.45 ± 14.43 | 18.13 ± 12.08 | 0.800 | 0.026 |
Cysteine | 1.28 ± 0.13 | 7.65 ± 3.46 | 7.90 ± 5.11 | 0.884 | 0.001 | 1.36 ± 0.75 | 15.44 ± 9.30 | 11.62 ± 6.28 | 0.278 | 0.011 |
Citrulline | 10.64 ± 1.84 | 95.47 ± 21.55 | 117.23 ± 44.62 | 0.130 | <0.0001 | 40.03 ± 9.92 | Not detected | Not detected | - | - |
Glycine | 225.57 ± 60.48 | 253.75 ± 98.37 | 247.49 ± 114.45 | 0.886 | 0.651 | 22.04 ± 9.35 | 157.05 ± 181.38 | 96.37 ± 93.60 | 0.288 | 0.239 |
Glutamate | 32.61 ± 9.27 | 27.59 ± 8.10 | 25.22 ± 6.24 | 0.502 | 0.066 | 6.76 ± 1.75 | 17.67 ± 12.26 | 14.82 ± 19.84 | 0.721 | 0.348 |
Glutamine | 727.71 ± 111.12 | 506.40 ± 87.97 | 547.11 ± 161.42 | 0.475 | 0.007 | 33.83 ± 23.18 | 167.49 ± 261.62 | 116.65 ± 123.53 | 0.528 | 0.353 |
Hydroxyproline | 11.27 ± 3.54 | 32.75 ± 22.51 | 16.35 ± 6.85 | 0.018 | 0.484 | 15.73 ± 5.49 | 53.09 ± 71.81 | 37.30 ± 14.50 | 0.460 | 0.359 |
Ornithine | 6.39 ± 1.13 | 17.72 ± 5.95 | 15.15 ± 4.20 | 0.213 | 0.001 | 3.15 ± 0.55 | 9.24 ± 8.00 | 8.46 ± 3.49 | 0.780 | 0.081 |
Proline | 127.03 ± 15.41 | 164.83 ± 73.24 | 133.27 ± 37.40 | 0.178 | 0.806 | 5.10 ± 1.92 | 91.89 ± 81.76 | 39.04 ± 30.97 | 0.095 | 0.235 |
Serine | 124.98 ± 66.79 | 80.11 ± 30.26 | 74.92 ± 16.55 | 0.771 | 0.016 | 43.01 ± 12.44 | 94.36 ± 69.32 | 88.85 ± 59.98 | 0.829 | 0.112 |
Taurine | 49.38 ± 186.50 | 333.30 ± 116.91 | 236.06 ± 17.64 | 0.120 | 0.009 | 1764.26 ± 381.01 | 2404.53 ± 1605.12 | 620.51 ± 919.43 | 0.003 | 0.057 |
Tyrosine | 39.02 ± 9.85 | 33.11 ± 10.62 | 28.41 ± 6.08 | 0.252 | 0.024 | 2.40 ± 1.69 | 12.89 ± 14.40 | 8.28 ± 7.37 | 0.349 | 0.263 |
BCAA 4 | 165.71 ± 11.09 | 254.44 ±72.86 | 254.74 ± 67.68 | 0.736 | 0.006 | 5.43 ± 1.95 | 46.66 ± 3.57 | 65.30 ± 72.82 | 0.465 | 0.023 |
Total EAA 5 | 801.59 ± 77.76 | 1055.29 ± 170.79 | 1016.69 ± 163.89 | 0.570 | 0.007 | 85.60 ± 21.00 | 347.09 ± 308.55 | 280.09 ± 171.54 | 0.495 | 0.080 |
Total NEAA 6 | 1755.67 ± 227.14 | 1948.98 ± 520.03 | 1860.58 ± 457.51 | 0.656 | 0.632 | 1987.32 ± 419.52 | 2935.81 ± 1756.05 | 1097.30 ± 934.51 | 0.002 | 0.157 |
Amino Acids Ratio | ||||||||||
EAA 5/NEAA 6 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.853 | 0.032 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.14 | 0.42 ± 0.32 | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Valine/Glycine | 0.63 ± 0.22 | 0.50 ± 0.18 | 0.59 ± 0.31 | 0.391 | 0.735 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 0.220 | 0.980 |
Arginine/Citrulline | 29.05 ± 3.66 | 1.80 ± 0.57 | 1.48 ± 0.59 | 0.694 | <0.0001 | 0.95 ± 0.25 | - | - | - | - |
Tyrosine/Phenylalanine | 36.94 ± 47.07 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 0.43 ± 0.08 | 1.000 | 0.004 | 2.93 ± 1.92 | 0.68 ± 0.33 | 1.03 ± 1.66 | 0.011 | 0.062 |
Serine/Glycine | 0.65 ± 0.59 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.966 | 0.041 | 2.05 ± 0.37 | 1.12 ± 0.97 | 1.47 ± 1.55 | 0.109 | 0.310 |
Nutrient | Diet | NRC | FEDIAF |
---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (%) | 90.00 | - | - |
Crude protein (%) | 14.50 | 10.00 | 21.00 |
Fat (%) | 18.00 | 5.50 | 5.50 |
Ash (%) | 5.50 | - | - |
Crude fiber (%) | 3.50 | - | - |
Calcium (mg/kg) | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.58 |
Phosphorus (mg/kg) | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
Essential Amino Acids (g/100 g) | |||
Arginine | 0.93 | 0.35 | 0.60 |
Phenylalanine | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.63 |
Histidine | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.27 |
Isoleucine | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.53 |
Leucine | 1.08 | 0.68 | 0.95 |
Lysine | 0.90 | 0.35 | 0.46 |
Methionine | 0.65 | 0.33 | 0.46 |
Threonine | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.60 |
Tryptophan | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
Valine | 0.75 | 0.49 | 0.68 |
Non-Essential Amino Acids (g/100 g) | |||
Alanine | 1.07 | - | - |
Aspartate | 1.25 | - | - |
Cysteine | 0.07 | - | - |
Glycine | 1.02 | - | - |
Glutamate | 2.13 | - | - |
Proline | 0.52 | - | - |
Serine | 0.76 | - | - |
Taurine | - | - | - |
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/g) | 4.072 | - | - |
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Brunetto, M.A.; Halfen, D.P.; Risolia, L.W.; Pedrinelli, V.; Caragelasco, D.S.; Vendramini, T.H.A.; de Carvalho Balieiro, J.C.; Pontieri, C.F.F.; Jeremias, J.T.; Ruberti, B.; et al. Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet. Metabolites 2021, 11, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120844
Brunetto MA, Halfen DP, Risolia LW, Pedrinelli V, Caragelasco DS, Vendramini THA, de Carvalho Balieiro JC, Pontieri CFF, Jeremias JT, Ruberti B, et al. Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet. Metabolites. 2021; 11(12):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120844
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrunetto, Marcio Antonio, Doris Pereira Halfen, Larissa Wunsche Risolia, Vivian Pedrinelli, Douglas Segalla Caragelasco, Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini, Julio César de Carvalho Balieiro, Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira Pontieri, Juliana Toloi Jeremias, Bruna Ruberti, and et al. 2021. "Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet" Metabolites 11, no. 12: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120844