Non-Invasive Analysis of Human Liver Metabolism by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Observation of Hepatic Metabolites by MRS
1.2. Advances in MRS Instrumentation
1.3. In Vivo 1H MRS of Liver
1.3.1. 1H MRS of Liver Lipids
1.3.2. 1H MRS of Other Hepatic Metabolites
1.4. In Vivo 31P MRS of Liver
1.5. In Vivo 13C MRS of Liver
1.6. In Vivo MRS of Other Nuclei in the Study of Hepatic Metabolism
1.6.1. Deuterium
1.6.2. Fluorine
2. Future Perspectives and Main Conclusions
Main Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Description | Main Findings | Field Strength (T) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Effects of a lipid-rich breakfast meal followed by exercise on hepatic ATP and lipid levels for healthy subjects. | Liver fat increased postprandially and continued to increase during exercise. Liver ATP did not change from fasting to postprandial state, but significantly decreased after exercise. | 3.0 | [51] |
Effect of a oral fructose challenge on hepatic ATP reserves in healthy subjects. Baseline liver glycogen was also measured by 13C NMR | Hepatic ATP levels dropped by ~20% from baseline and reached a minimum value 50 min after the load. The time to reach minimum ATP levels was inversely correlated with subject BMI. ATP recovery rate was inversely correlated with baseline glycogen levels. | 3.0 | [52] |
Effects of acute fructose ingestion with and without an accompanying load of ethanol on liver P-metabolite dynamics in healthy subjects. | Over a 40 min interval post load, P-metabolites were measured with 5 min time resolution. While ethanol had no effects on rates of phosphomonester (PME) formation and ATP depletion resulting from fructose metabolism, it significantly slowed down the rate of PME degradation. | 1.5 | [53] |
Characterization of P-metabolites and ATP fluxes and correlation with lipid levels determined by 1H MR and biopsy evaluation in subjects with NAFLD and NASH | Several PME and PDE 31P signals were resolved and quantified as well as those from NADPH and UDPG. Significant differences in relative abundances of PME phosphoethanolamine (PE) and ATP between NAFLD and NASH. Significantly lower rates of ATP synthesis fluxes in NASH compared to NAFLD subjects [33]. In another 31P MRS study performed at 3 T, levels of NADPH, a marker of inflammation and fibrosis, were elevated in NASH patients compared to healthy controls [54]. | 7.0, 3.0 (31P) 3.0 (1H) | [33,54] |
Characterization of PME profile in fasted subjects with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis following infusion with a gluconeogenic substrate—L-alanine. | At baseline, PME levels of both compensated and decompensated cirrhotic subjects were elevated compared to healthy controls. After L-alanine infusion, PME levels of healthy controls were significantly increased, consistent with gluconeogenic activity. This increase was significantly smaller for patients with compensated cirrhosis and was absent in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. | 1.5 | [55] |
Characterization of P-metabolites in pediatric liver transplant patients with different outcomes of graft function | Patients with impaired graft function had elevated PME/total phosphate compared to those with good graft function and to healthy controls. | 1.5 | [56] |
Effects of intravenous ATP infusion for 22–24 h on liver energy status in advanced lung cancer patients. | Liver ATP levels were significantly increased following ATP infusion to levels that were similar to those of healthy subjects. This effect was greatest for patients that were undergoing weight loss and who had the lowest baseline ATP liver levels | 1.5 | [57] |
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Jones, J.G. Non-Invasive Analysis of Human Liver Metabolism by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Metabolites 2021, 11, 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110751
Jones JG. Non-Invasive Analysis of Human Liver Metabolism by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Metabolites. 2021; 11(11):751. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110751
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, John G. 2021. "Non-Invasive Analysis of Human Liver Metabolism by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy" Metabolites 11, no. 11: 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110751