Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The application of electricity pricing-based demand response (PBDR) for TCLs for the optimal management of energy utilization by the users;
- Comparison of the dynamic responses of various PI and PID controllers in the hybrid isolated microgrid system with and without PBDR;
- The optimization of (PI and PID) controller gains by applying the genetic algorithm (GA) and SSA in the developed model.
2. Dynamic Modeling of Hybrid Energy System
2.1. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG)
2.2. ORC Solar Thermal Power System (STPS)
2.3. Diesel Engine Generator (DEG)
2.4. Fuel Cell (FC)
2.5. Aqua Electrolyzer (AE)
3. Real-Time Pricing for Smart TCLs
4. Salp Swarm Technique (SSA)
- Initiation of the salp population with random positions for the solution of the parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd);
- Calculating the fitness value of each salp, and assigning the salp with the best ability to lead to the food source. Here, the objective function in Equation (15) is considered as a fitness function;
- Updating the salp positions. For every dimension, the position of the leading and following salps are updated, keeping all the salps in the frontiers of the search space. This updating salp position gives a solution to the problem;
- Repeating all the above steps except Step 1 until the termination criterion or the best solution is reached.
5. Frequency Response Simulation Results
5.1. Case 1: Under Step Vitiation
5.2. Case 2: Under Random Disturbances
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
∆f | System frequency fluctuation |
Ksys | Overall constant frequency characteristic |
Gsys(s) | Overall transfer function of proposed system |
PDEG | Extractable power of diesel generator |
GDEG(s) | Transfer function of DEG |
KDEG | DEG’s gain |
TDEG | Constant time of DEG |
PFC | Extractable power of FC |
KFC | FC’s gain |
TFC | FC’s constant time value |
GFC(s) | Transfer function of FC |
PSTPS | Dispatchable power of organic Rankine cycle-based STPS |
GSTPS(s) | Overall transfer function of organic Rankine cycle STPS |
Ts | Solar receiver’s constant time value |
TT | Constant charge time of the turbine |
KS | Solar receiver’s gain |
KT | Turbine’s gain |
GAE(s) | Overall transfer function of AE |
PAE | Extractable power hydrogen aqua electrolyzer |
KAE | Hydrogen aqua electrolyzer’s gain |
TAE | Hydrogen aqua electrolyzer’s fixed time |
PS | Total generated output power |
Pl | Demanded load power |
∆Pe | Mismatch between generated power and demand |
M | Overall proposed system inertia |
D | Overall proposed system damping coefficient |
PWTG | Dispatchable power WTG |
GWTG(s) | Overall transfer function of WTG |
KWTG | WTG’s gain |
TWTG | WTG’s time constant |
∆Q | Change in work done by thermostatic loads |
∆ρ | Change in electricity pricing |
∆TST | Change in thermostat set point |
K | Gain factor of smart thermostat |
PLC | Power consumption by controllable loads |
PUC | Power consumption by uncontrollable loads |
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Generating Units | Gains | Constant Values (s) |
---|---|---|
ORC-STPS | Ks = 1.8 KT = 1 | TS = 1.8 TT = 0.3 |
DEG | KDG = 1/300 | TDG = 2 |
FC | KFC = 1/100 | TFC = 4 |
AE | KAE = −1/500 | TAE = 0.5 |
WTG | KWTG = 1 | TWTG = 1.5 |
Description | Value |
---|---|
Number of Salp population | 20 |
Maximum number of iterations | 100 |
Number of search agents | 20 |
Probability of crossover | 0.8 |
Probability of mutation | 0.01 |
Maximum number of iterations | 100 |
Case | Subcomponents | Response Time (s) | Operating Conditions |
---|---|---|---|
1. | WTG, ORC low-temperature STPS, DEG, FC, AE and Load | 120 s | PWTG = 0.5 p.u at 0 < t < 80 s = 0.3 p.u at t > 80 s |
PSTPS = 0.2 p.u at 0 < t < 40 s = 0.4 p.u at t > 40 s | |||
Pl = 0.8 p.u at 0 < t < 40 s | |||
= 1.1 p.u at 40 s < t < 90 s = 0.95 p.u at t > 90 s | |||
2. | WTG, ORC low-temperature STPS, DEG, FC, AE and Load | 12 s | Concurrent random changes in WTG, ORC-STPS and Load |
Controller Gain Case 1 | GA Values | |
---|---|---|
Without PBDR | With PBDR | |
PI Controllers | ||
KpDEG | 1.450 | 1.690 |
KiDEG | 1.0333 | 1.31401 |
KpFC | −1.280 | −1.1634 |
KiFC | −1.380 | −1.650 |
KpAE | −1.0084 | −1.482 |
KiAE | −1.2177 | −1.5316 |
KpLOAD | 0 | 1.980 |
KiLOAD | 0 | 1.490 |
PID Controllers | ||
KpDEG | 1.450 | 1.690 |
KiDEG | 1.230 | 1.850 |
KdDEG | 0.490 | 0.490 |
KpFC | −0.970 | −1.150 |
KiFC | −1.380 | −1.650 |
KdFC | −0.72196 | −0.7271 |
KpAE | −0.99567 | −1.250 |
KiAE | −1.06374 | −1.375 |
KdAE | −0.750 | −0.750 |
KpLOAD | 0 | 1.980 |
KiLOAD | 0 | 1.2665 |
KdLOAD | 0 | 0.650 |
Controller Gain Case 2 | With PBDR | |
---|---|---|
GA-Optimized | SSA-Optimized | |
PI Controllers | ||
KpDEG | 1.980 | 1.9558 |
KiDEG | 1.7690 | 1.5255 |
KpFC | −1.270 | −1.4183 |
KiFC | −1.950 | −1.9325 |
KpAE | −1.3801 | −1.6188 |
KiAE | −1.325 | −1.4049 |
KpLOAD | 2.100 | 1.7953 |
KiLOAD | 1.56948 | 1.6175 |
PID Controllers | ||
KpDEG | 1.980 | 1.7348 |
KiDEG | 1.850 | 1.6828 |
KdDEG | 0.490 | 0.5263 |
KpFC | −1.270 | −1.4189 |
KiFC | −1.950 | −1.906 |
KdFC | −0.725 | −0.6976 |
KpAE | −1.350 | −1.6316 |
KiAE | −1.478 | −1.5043 |
KdAE | −0.750 | −0.6865 |
KpLOAD | 2.031 | 1.9147 |
KiLOAD | 1.860 | 1.5507 |
KdLOAD | 0.8473 | 0.8175 |
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Latif, A.; Paul, M.; Das, D.C.; Hussain, S.M.S.; Ustun, T.S. Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique. Electronics 2020, 9, 2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122209
Latif A, Paul M, Das DC, Hussain SMS, Ustun TS. Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique. Electronics. 2020; 9(12):2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122209
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatif, Abdul, Manidipa Paul, Dulal Chandra Das, S. M. Suhail Hussain, and Taha Selim Ustun. 2020. "Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique" Electronics 9, no. 12: 2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122209
APA StyleLatif, A., Paul, M., Das, D. C., Hussain, S. M. S., & Ustun, T. S. (2020). Price Based Demand Response for Optimal Frequency Stabilization in ORC Solar Thermal Based Isolated Hybrid Microgrid under Salp Swarm Technique. Electronics, 9(12), 2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122209