Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research on Power Smart Meter Prototypes for Households
3. Theoretical Background for Electrical Measurement
4. Design of the On-Time Single-Phase Power Smart Meter (OSPPSM)
4.1. Hardware Design
4.1.1. Microcontroller
4.1.2. Wireless Communication
4.1.3. Current Sensor
4.1.4. Voltage Sensor
4.1.5. Datalogger Shield
4.2. Software Design
4.2.1. Measurement and Computation of the Electric Variable
4.2.2. Cloud Data Uploading
5. Standard Guidance on Calibration and Uncertainty Evaluation for Power Smart Meters
5.1. Characterization of Errors
5.2. Standard Calibration Test
5.3. Uncertainty in Measurements
5.3.1. Uncertainty of Fundamental Variables and Standard Uncertainty
5.3.2. Uncertainty of Derived Variables and Combined Uncertainty
5.3.3. Confidence Level of the Uncertainty Evaluation
6. Results
6.1. Test Equipment
6.1.1. Electrical Reference Measurement Standard (RMS)
6.1.2. Grid Emulator
6.1.3. Programmable Electronic Load
6.2. Calibration Standard Test
6.2.1. Intrinsic Value Test
6.2.2. Current Magnitude Distortion Test
6.2.3. Alternating Current Frequency Variation Test
6.2.4. Alternating Current/Voltage Component Variation Test
6.2.5. PF Variation Test
6.2.6. Continuous Overload Test
6.3. Uncertainty Evaluation
7. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
Nomenclature |
: absolute precision of variable |
AC: alternating current |
ADC: analogic to digital converter |
BESSs: battery energy storage systems |
DC: direct current |
E: intrinsic error |
F: frequency |
FPGA: field programmable gate array |
GSM: global system mobile |
i: current |
IoT: Internet of Things |
MAPE: mean absolute percentage error |
MI: measuring instrument |
MRE: mean relative error |
n: index for the set of samples |
ns: number of samples |
nv: number of fundamental variables |
NILM: non-intrusive load monitoring |
NRU: nominal range of use |
OSPPSM: on-time single-phase power smart meter |
P: active power |
PF:power factor |
PF: power factor (=cos φ) |
PQ: power quality |
PV: photovoltaic |
PWM: pulse width modulation |
q: reactive power |
R.M.S: root mean square |
RMS: reference measurement standard |
s: apparent power |
v: voltage |
x: fundamental electrical variable |
y: derived variable |
WEP: wired equivalent privacy |
z: index for the set of variables |
Greek symbols |
µ: mean |
: mean of variable |
: correlation coefficient of variables |
σ: standard deviation |
σ2: variance |
: standard uncertainty type A for the variable |
:combined uncertainty of variable y |
φ:phase angle of current |
1-α: confidence level |
Subscripts |
din: declared input |
i: current |
j, m, w: jth mth, wth variable |
max: maximum |
min: minimum |
OSPPSM: on-time single-phase power smart meter |
p: active power |
PF: power factor |
q: reactive power |
ref: reference |
v: voltage |
: variable |
Superscripts |
avg: average |
k: kth specified analysis window |
ins: instantaneous |
n: index for the set of samples |
set: set |
r.m.s: root mean square |
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Parameter | Range |
Continuous recording | Voltage, current, active, reactive, and apparent power, power factor, energy, harmonics, etc. |
Measuring intervals | 10, 20, 200, 500 ms, or 3 s |
Parameter | Range |
Sampling rate | 10–24 kHz |
Resolution | 16 ppm |
Uncertainty for frequency | <20 ppm |
Uncertainty for voltage | 0.1% at 230 V |
Intrinsic uncertainty for harmonics | Class I [56] |
Accuracy class | Class I |
Parameter | Range |
---|---|
Voltage | 0 to 277 V phase-neutral 0 to 480 V phase-phase |
Current | 66 A max |
Phase angle | 0° to 360° resolution 0.01° |
Power | 15 kW |
Frequency | 10 to 100 Hz |
Harmonics | Up to 50th 15 harmonics independent/phase |
Accuracy | ±0.1% voltage, ±0.2% current |
Parameter | Range |
---|---|
Voltage | 0 to 277 V phase-neutral 0 to 480 V phase-phase |
Current | 66 A max |
Phase angle | −90° to 90° resolution 0.01° |
Power | 15 kW |
Frequency | 10 to 100 Hz |
Harmonics | Up to 50th 15 harmonics independent/phase |
Accuracy | ±0.1% voltage, ±0.2% current |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Voltmeter | 0.9783 | 0.4303 | 0.0643 | 0.4957 |
Ammeter | 0.9400 | 0.4712 | −0.0080 | 0.5428 |
PF meter, 8 A | 0.9500 | 0.4218 | −0.0133 | 0.5123 |
PF meter, 30 A | 0.9100 | 0.4675 | 0.0133 | 0.5366 |
Wattmeter | 0.9100 | 0.4675 | 0.0133 | 0.5366 |
Varmeter | 0.9100 | 0.4540 | −0.0280 | 0.5240 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Voltmeter | 0.9900 | 0.4869 | −0.0048 | 0.5593 |
PF meter | 0.9700 | 0.4820 | −0.4820 | 0.2860 |
Wattmeter | 0.9900 | 0.4208 | 0.0225 | 0.5239 |
Varmeter | 0.9900 | 0.3738 | 0.0076 | 0.5251 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ammeter | 0.9900 | 0.4820 | −0.0121 | 0.5594 |
PF meter | 0.9800 | 0.4906 | −0.0300 | 0.5721 |
Wattmeter | 0.9900 | 0.4949 | 0.0288 | 0.5698 |
Varmeter | 0.9900 | 0.2069 | 0.0038 | 0.5663 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Voltmeter | 0.9800 | 0.4875 | −0.0090 | 0.5619 |
Ammeter | 0.9900 | 0.4778 | 0.0446 | 0.5511 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 lagging | 0.9200 | 0.2944 | 0.0025 | 0.4227 |
PF meter, PF: 1 | 0.9800 | 0.3296 | −0.0110 | 0.4653 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 leading | 0.9500 | 0.6211 | 0.0119 | 0.7645 |
Wattmeter | 0.9600 | 0.4712 | −0.0206 | 0.5466 |
Varmeter | 0.9800 | 0.4904 | 0.0089 | 0.5650 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v = 230 V i = 15 A | v = 0 V i = 15 A | v = 253 V i = 15 A | v = 230 V i = 15 A | v = 0 V i = 15 A | v = 253 V i = 15 A | v = 230 V i = 15 A | v = 0 V i = 15 A | v = 253 V i = 15 A | v = 230 V i = 15 A | v = 0 V i = 15 A | v = 253 V i = 15 A | |
PF meter, PF: 0 lagging | 0.920 | 0.920 | 0.940 | 0.339 | 0.286 | 0.287 | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.012 | 0.462 | 0.412 | 0.417 |
PF meter, PF: 1 | 0.920 | 0.920 | 0.940 | 0.222 | 0.259 | 0.275 | −0.222 | −0.259 | −0.275 | 0.279 | 0.298 | 0.311 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 lagging | 0.980 | 0.950 | 0.970 | 0.332 | 0.294 | 0.316 | −0.046 | −0.044 | −0.003 | 0.463 | 0.432 | 0.462 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 leading | 0.960 | 0.930 | 0.930 | 0.279 | 0.293 | 0.301 | −0.018 | −0.008 | 0.005 | 0.403 | 0.430 | 0.423 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | |
PF meter, PF: 0 lagging | 0.920 | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.308 | 0.308 | 0.328 | 0.007 | −0.012 | −0.027 | 0.439 | 0.445 | 0.464 |
PF meter, PF: 1 | 0.930 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.225 | 0.234 | 0.215 | −0.225 | −0.234 | −0.215 | 0.289 | 0.312 | 0.290 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 lagging | 0.960 | 0.910 | 0.960 | 0.308 | 0.340 | 0.305 | 0.057 | −0.030 | 0.075 | 0.439 | 0.455 | 0.440 |
PF meter, PF: 0.5 leading | 0.970 | 0.970 | 0.930 | 0.313 | 0.317 | 0.372 | 0.039 | −0.046 | −0.041 | 0.447 | 0.438 | 0.473 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v = 230 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 0 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 256 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 230 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 0 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 256 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 230 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 0 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 256 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 230 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 0 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | v = 256 V i = 24 A PF = 1 | |
Wattmeter | 0.920 | 0.970 | 0.970 | 0.506 | 0.512 | 0.512 | 0.010 | −0.034 | −0.034 | 0.572 | 0.582 | 0.582 |
Varimeter | 0.950 | 0.940 | 0.940 | 0.483 | 0.453 | 0.453 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.553 | 0.523 | 0.523 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v = 0 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 256 V i = 30 A | v = 0 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 256 V i = 30 A | v = 0 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 256 V i = 30 A | v = 0 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 256 V i = 30 A | |
Wattmeter, PF:1 | 0.940 | 0.950 | 0.910 | 0.458 | 0.492 | 0.518 | −0.011 | −0.025 | −0.004 | 0.529 | 0.557 | 0.578 |
Varmeter, PF:1 | 0.920 | 0.940 | 0.900 | 0.465 | 0.483 | 0.467 | 0.022 | −0.022 | 0.029 | 0.529 | 0.546 | 0.528 |
Wattmeter, PF:0.5 lagging) | 0.940 | 0.930 | 0.970 | 0.473 | 0.488 | 0.526 | −0.046 | 0.035 | 0.028 | 0.546 | 0.557 | 0.579 |
Varmeter, PF:0.5 lagging | 0.960 | 0.980 | 0.940 | 0.488 | 0.499 | 0.506 | 0.119 | 0.008 | 0.058 | 0.547 | 0.581 | 0.557 |
Wattmeter, PF:0.5 leading) | 0.970 | 0.990 | 0.930 | 0.485 | 0.497 | 0.461 | 0.051 | 0.011 | 0.037 | 0.555 | 0.575 | 0.538 |
Varmeter, PF:0.5 leading | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.940 | 0.421 | 0.493 | 0.474 | −0.044 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.494 | 0.557 | 0.544 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | v = 230 V i = 0 A | v = 230 V i = 30 A | v = 230 V i = 36 A | |
Wattmeter, PF:1 | 0.910 | 0.980 | 0.940 | 0.472 | 0.483 | 0.454 | 0.100 | −0.050 | −0.048 | 0.507 | 0.552 | 0.520 |
Varmeter, PF:1 | 0.910 | 0.960 | 0.900 | 0.523 | 0.419 | 0.467 | −0.020 | 0.028 | 0.064 | 0.581 | 0.502 | 0.531 |
Wattmeter, PF:0.5 lagging) | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.930 | 0.413 | 0.490 | 0.480 | 0.032 | 0.031 | −0.035 | 0.493 | 0.555 | 0.542 |
Varmeter, PF:0.5 lagging | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.970 | 0.544 | 0.463 | 0.480 | 0.004 | 0.057 | 0.125 | 0.597 | 0.538 | 0.538 |
Wattmeter, PF:0.5 leading) | 0.950 | 0.910 | 0.950 | 0.460 | 0.494 | 0.501 | −0.014 | −0.027 | −0.028 | 0.541 | 0.556 | 0.567 |
Varmeter, PF:0.5 leading | 0.930 | 0.950 | 0.950 | 0.450 | 0.466 | 0.492 | 0.026 | −0.005 | 0.016 | 0.518 | 0.546 | 0.564 |
Test | Maximum Intrinsic Error | MAPE | MRE | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Voltmeter | 0.9800 | 0.4734 | 0.0352 | 0.5483 |
Ammeter | 0.9900 | 0.4789 | −0.0099 | 0.5582 |
PF meter | 0.8600 | 0.0041 | 0.0003 | 0.0484 |
Wattmeter | 0.9900 | 0.5047 | −0.0066 | 0.5813 |
Varmeter | 0.9800 | 0.4991 | −0.0113 | 0.5725 |
Measure k/Input Quantities | v (V) | i (A) | PF (p.u.) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 236.86 | 1.02 | 0.670 |
2 | 237.10 | 1.01 | 0.670 |
3 | 236.48 | 1.04 | 0.680 |
4 | 236.64 | 1.03 | 0.670 |
5 | 236.86 | 1.03 | 0.670 |
6 | 236.25 | 1.05 | 0.670 |
7 | 237.34 | 0.99 | 0.670 |
8 | 237.38 | 1.00 | 0.670 |
9 | 236.95 | 1.03 | 0.670 |
10 | 236.73 | 1.05 | 0.670 |
Fundamental Variables | Mean | Standard Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty (%) | Correlation Coefficients |
---|---|---|---|---|
v (V) | 236.859 | 0.1130 | 0.00047 | = −0.900 |
i (A) | 1.0248 | 0.0064 | 0.0062 | = 0.262 |
PF(p.u.) | 0.6710 | 0.0010 | 0.0015 | = −0.373 |
Fundamental Variables | Absolute Accuracy |
---|---|
v (V) | |
i (A) | |
PF (p.u.) |
Relationship between Variables | Estimate Value of Derived Variables | Combined Uncertainty | Combined Uncertainty (%) |
---|---|---|---|
(W) | 162.880 | 1.031 | 0.0063 |
(VAr) | 179.977 | 1.010 | 0.0056 |
Correlation coefficient | = 0.901 |
Derived Variables | Absolute Accuracy |
---|---|
p (W) | |
q (VAr) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sanchez-Sutil, F.; Cano-Ortega, A.; Hernandez, J.C.; Rus-Casas, C. Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers. Electronics 2019, 8, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080878
Sanchez-Sutil F, Cano-Ortega A, Hernandez JC, Rus-Casas C. Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers. Electronics. 2019; 8(8):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080878
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanchez-Sutil, F., A. Cano-Ortega, J.C. Hernandez, and C. Rus-Casas. 2019. "Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers" Electronics 8, no. 8: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080878