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Article

InspectCL: A Contrastive Learning Assistant for Similar Case Retrieval in Organizational Audit and Compliance

1
Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
2
School of Automation and Electronic Information, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(11), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112495 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 May 2026 / Revised: 3 June 2026 / Accepted: 4 June 2026 / Published: 5 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Natural Language Processing Applications)

Abstract

In large-scale state-owned enterprise audit and compliance tasks, ensuring that similar violations receive consistent disciplinary decisions is essential for procedural fairness and institutional credibility. However, existing retrieval methods face three major challenges: lexical matching methods fail to recognize semantically equivalent violation descriptions, general-purpose semantic encoders lack knowledge of inspection-specific terminology and regulatory distinctions, and retrieved precedents are often not directly transformed into actionable disciplinary references. To address these problems, this paper proposes InspectCL, a domain-enhanced contrastive learning and Retrieval-Augmented Generation framework for similar case retrieval, validated on audit data from a provincial power grid company. First, to provide task-specific supervision that is unavailable in existing benchmarks, we construct InspectCase, a de-identified dataset of 4200 audit and compliance cases across 12 violation categories, with expert-validated positive pairs and hard negative pairs. Second, to overcome the weak domain awareness of generic encoders, we design a domain-enhanced contrastive learning model. Specifically, terminology-masking augmentation improves robustness to specialized inspection expressions, regulatory semantic injection incorporates disciplinary rules to distinguish factually similar but legally different cases, and hierarchical contrastive optimization strengthens both case-level similarity learning and category-level boundary separation. Third, to convert retrieved precedents into practical decision support, the Top-K similar cases are used as evidence for a large language model to generate structured disciplinary recommendation summaries, including violation classification, penalty references, applicable regulations, and rectification measures. Experimental results on InspectCase show that InspectCL substantially outperforms BM25, BERT-base, SimCSE, and Legal-BERT baselines, achieving 56.9% ± 0.7% Recall@5 and an 87.6% ± 0.4% Penalty Consistency Score (PCS). These results demonstrate that the proposed problem-driven modules jointly improve semantic retrieval accuracy and disciplinary decision consistency, offering a practical reference for similar power-grid audit scenarios, with broader applicability to be validated in future cross-domain studies.
Keywords: inspection and supervision; similar case retrieval; contrastive learning; hard negative mining; Retrieval-Augmented Generation; disciplinary decision consistency; domain-specific language model; regulatory semantic injection inspection and supervision; similar case retrieval; contrastive learning; hard negative mining; Retrieval-Augmented Generation; disciplinary decision consistency; domain-specific language model; regulatory semantic injection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, J.; Huang, Y.; Hu, C.; Feng, K.; Zhu, S.; Shi, Q.; Su, Y. InspectCL: A Contrastive Learning Assistant for Similar Case Retrieval in Organizational Audit and Compliance. Electronics 2026, 15, 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112495

AMA Style

Liu J, Huang Y, Hu C, Feng K, Zhu S, Shi Q, Su Y. InspectCL: A Contrastive Learning Assistant for Similar Case Retrieval in Organizational Audit and Compliance. Electronics. 2026; 15(11):2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112495

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Jianfeng, Yuetian Huang, Changhua Hu, Kangheng Feng, Suining Zhu, Qingguo Shi, and Yi Su. 2026. "InspectCL: A Contrastive Learning Assistant for Similar Case Retrieval in Organizational Audit and Compliance" Electronics 15, no. 11: 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112495

APA Style

Liu, J., Huang, Y., Hu, C., Feng, K., Zhu, S., Shi, Q., & Su, Y. (2026). InspectCL: A Contrastive Learning Assistant for Similar Case Retrieval in Organizational Audit and Compliance. Electronics, 15(11), 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112495

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