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Volume 14
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Retraction of Electronics 2022, 11(19), 3015.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Khan et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015

by
Zahid Ullah Khan
1,2,3,*,
Qiao Gang
1,2,3,
Aman Muhammad
1,2,3,
Muhammad Muzzammil
1,2,3,
Sajid Ullah Khan
4,
Mohammed El Affendi
5,
Gauhar Ali
5,
Imdad Ullah
6 and
Javed Khan
7
1
Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
2
Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
3
College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
4
Department of Computer Science, IT University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat 28440, Pakistan
5
EIAS Data Science and Blockchain Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
6
College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071451
Submission received: 6 March 2025 / Accepted: 21 March 2025 / Published: 3 April 2025
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article, entitled “A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding a significant overlap between this publication [1] and a previously published article [2], and the unauthorized use of materials produced by a different authorship group. Adhering to our complaints procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation that confirmed a significant overlap between these articles [1,2], without appropriate citation, and the use of Figures 3–13 without copyright permission. As a result, the Editorial Board has decided to retract this paper as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30). This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Electronics.
The authors have not agreed to this retraction.

References

  1. Khan, Z.U.; Gang, Q.; Muhammad, A.; Muzzammil, M.; Khan, S.U.; Affendi, M.E.; Ali, G.; Ullah, I.; Khan, J. RETRACTED: A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Khater, E.M.; El-Fishawy, N.; Tolba, M.; Ibrahim, D.M. Review of ALOHA-based MAC Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. MEJ Mansoura Eng. J. 2022, 47, 12–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Khan, Z.U.; Gang, Q.; Muhammad, A.; Muzzammil, M.; Khan, S.U.; El Affendi, M.; Ali, G.; Ullah, I.; Khan, J. RETRACTED: Khan et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015. Electronics 2025, 14, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071451

AMA Style

Khan ZU, Gang Q, Muhammad A, Muzzammil M, Khan SU, El Affendi M, Ali G, Ullah I, Khan J. RETRACTED: Khan et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015. Electronics. 2025; 14(7):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071451

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan, Zahid Ullah, Qiao Gang, Aman Muhammad, Muhammad Muzzammil, Sajid Ullah Khan, Mohammed El Affendi, Gauhar Ali, Imdad Ullah, and Javed Khan. 2025. "RETRACTED: Khan et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015" Electronics 14, no. 7: 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071451

APA Style

Khan, Z. U., Gang, Q., Muhammad, A., Muzzammil, M., Khan, S. U., El Affendi, M., Ali, G., Ullah, I., & Khan, J. (2025). RETRACTED: Khan et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11, 3015. Electronics, 14(7), 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071451

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