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Electronics
Volume 14
Issue 16
10.3390/electronics14163174
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Accelerating Broadband DOA Estimation: A Real-Valued and Coherent Sparse Bayesian Approach for 5G Sensing

by
Xin Tong
,
Yinzhe Hu
,
Zhongliang Deng
and
Enwen Hu
*
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(16), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163174 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 4 August 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

For applications like smart cities and autonomous driving, high-precision direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for 5G broadband signals is essential. A primary obstacle for existing methods is the spatial incoherence caused by multi-frequency propagation. We present a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithm specifically designed to resolve this issue while also minimizing computational load. The algorithm synergistically combines three key components: first, a multiple-signal classification (MUSIC)-like focusing technique ensures a coherent sparse model; second, a real-valued transformation significantly cuts down on computational complexity; and third, an optimized variational Bayesian inference accelerates convergence via root-finding. Validation against MUSIC and rootSBL confirms our method’s marked superiority in low-SNR, limited-snapshot, and multipath conditions delivering both higher accuracy and faster convergence. This work, thus, contributes an effective and practical solution for real-time 5G DOA sensing.
Keywords: 5G sensing; DOA estimation; sparse Bayesian learning; broadband processing; real-valued transform 5G sensing; DOA estimation; sparse Bayesian learning; broadband processing; real-valued transform

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tong, X.; Hu, Y.; Deng, Z.; Hu, E. Accelerating Broadband DOA Estimation: A Real-Valued and Coherent Sparse Bayesian Approach for 5G Sensing. Electronics 2025, 14, 3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163174

AMA Style

Tong X, Hu Y, Deng Z, Hu E. Accelerating Broadband DOA Estimation: A Real-Valued and Coherent Sparse Bayesian Approach for 5G Sensing. Electronics. 2025; 14(16):3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163174

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tong, Xin, Yinzhe Hu, Zhongliang Deng, and Enwen Hu. 2025. "Accelerating Broadband DOA Estimation: A Real-Valued and Coherent Sparse Bayesian Approach for 5G Sensing" Electronics 14, no. 16: 3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163174

APA Style

Tong, X., Hu, Y., Deng, Z., & Hu, E. (2025). Accelerating Broadband DOA Estimation: A Real-Valued and Coherent Sparse Bayesian Approach for 5G Sensing. Electronics, 14(16), 3174. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163174

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