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Article

Adaptive Recombination-Based Control Strategy for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs: Modeling and Simulation

Centre for Sustainability in Advanced Electrical and Electronics Systems (CSAEES), Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia
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Electronics 2025, 14(11), 2217; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112217
Submission received: 19 April 2025 / Revised: 28 May 2025 / Accepted: 28 May 2025 / Published: 29 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)

Abstract

This paper presents a novel adaptive cell recombination strategy for balancing lithium-ion battery packs, targeting electric vehicle (EV) applications. The proposed method dynamically adjusts the series–parallel configuration of individual cells based on instantaneous state of charge (SoC) and load demand, without relying on conventional DC-DC converters or passive components. A hardware-efficient switching topology using SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) switches enables flexible recombination and fault isolation with minimal complexity. The control algorithm, implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, evaluates multiple cell-grouping configurations to optimize balancing speed, energy retention, and operational safety. Simulation results under charging, discharging, and resting conditions demonstrate up to 80% faster balancing compared to sequential methods, with significantly lower component count and minimal energy loss. Validation using Panasonic NCR18650PF cells confirms the model’s real-world applicability. The method offers a scalable, high-speed, and energy-efficient solution for integration into next-generation battery management systems (BMS), achieving performance gains typically reserved for more complex converter-based architectures.
Keywords: battery management system; adaptive cell recombination; cell balancing; switching strategy; SPDT switches; lithium-ion batteries; EV battery packs; MATLAB simulation battery management system; adaptive cell recombination; cell balancing; switching strategy; SPDT switches; lithium-ion batteries; EV battery packs; MATLAB simulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hassan, K.; Lu, S.F.; Gilbert, T.T.H. Adaptive Recombination-Based Control Strategy for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs: Modeling and Simulation. Electronics 2025, 14, 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112217

AMA Style

Hassan K, Lu SF, Gilbert TTH. Adaptive Recombination-Based Control Strategy for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs: Modeling and Simulation. Electronics. 2025; 14(11):2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112217

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan, Khalid, Siaw Fei Lu, and Thio Tzer Hwai Gilbert. 2025. "Adaptive Recombination-Based Control Strategy for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs: Modeling and Simulation" Electronics 14, no. 11: 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112217

APA Style

Hassan, K., Lu, S. F., & Gilbert, T. T. H. (2025). Adaptive Recombination-Based Control Strategy for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs: Modeling and Simulation. Electronics, 14(11), 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112217

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