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Article

On the Design of Kalman Filter with Low Complexity for 6G-Based ISAC: Alpha and Alpha–Beta Filter Perspectives

Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(10), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101938
Submission received: 4 April 2025 / Revised: 2 May 2025 / Accepted: 7 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025

Abstract

This study addresses the performance degradation of α and α-β filters in 6G Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) scenarios, attributed to violations of linearity and steady-state assumptions. These filters are originally designed with time-invariant gains derived under such assumptions to ensure low computational complexity. However, deviations from ideal conditions—such as non-white, biased, or non-Gaussian process noise—necessitate corrective mechanisms. We propose a weighted process noise approach that accounts for increased uncertainty due to assumption violations while preserving the filters’ closed-form structure and computational efficiency. By integrating uncertainty into the conventional gain formulation, the proposed method achieves performance closer to the optimal filter. Numerical results demonstrate superior accuracy over conventional filters across various noise variances and scenarios, without requiring parameter tuning. Notably, performance improvements become more pronounced as the measurement interval decreases.
Keywords: alpha-beta filter; coefficient filter; integrated sensing and communications (ISAC); low-pass filter; Kalman filter; steady state; tracking index; weighted process noise alpha-beta filter; coefficient filter; integrated sensing and communications (ISAC); low-pass filter; Kalman filter; steady state; tracking index; weighted process noise

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, J.-B.; Choi, S.-W. On the Design of Kalman Filter with Low Complexity for 6G-Based ISAC: Alpha and Alpha–Beta Filter Perspectives. Electronics 2025, 14, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101938

AMA Style

Kim J-B, Choi S-W. On the Design of Kalman Filter with Low Complexity for 6G-Based ISAC: Alpha and Alpha–Beta Filter Perspectives. Electronics. 2025; 14(10):1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101938

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Jung-Beom, and Sang-Won Choi. 2025. "On the Design of Kalman Filter with Low Complexity for 6G-Based ISAC: Alpha and Alpha–Beta Filter Perspectives" Electronics 14, no. 10: 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101938

APA Style

Kim, J.-B., & Choi, S.-W. (2025). On the Design of Kalman Filter with Low Complexity for 6G-Based ISAC: Alpha and Alpha–Beta Filter Perspectives. Electronics, 14(10), 1938. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101938

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