Deep Learning for Forecasting-Based Applications in Cyber–Physical Microgrids: Recent Advances and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- AC microgrids,
- DC microgrids,
- Hybrid AC/DC microgrids.
- Integration of renewable energy resources,
- Efficiency,
- Control.
- Grid-connected mode,
- Isolated or islanded mode.
- Shipboard power systems or marine power systems, which can include power resources to support the power system for satisfying the loads and energy storage systems to store and release the energy at the planed or proper times, where this type of microgrids has been studied in previous works, e.g., [15,16,17,18].
- Lunar habitat microgrids, which can be considered as a new concept and the type of microgrids and has been studied previously by [22].
- Etc.
- This paper addresses and focuses on forecasting-based strategies in cyber–physical microgrids.
- Electrical loads and renewable energy resources can have direct and significant effects on a cyber–physical microgrid. In addition, the weather condition can affect the output power of renewable energy resources and the patterns of the load consumption. Therefore, in this paper, recent advances related to prediction of electrical loads, forecasting the output power of renewable energy resources, and anticipation of weather conditions are considered.
- In this paper, PVs and wind turbines are discussed as the popular renewable energy resources.
- In the case of the prediction of the meteorological data, this paper discusses wind speed and solar irradiance.
- Additionally, this paper discusses the advantages of deep learning for the implementation in cyber–physical microgrids.
- In addition, in this paper, the challenges, which can be faced by the deployment of deep learning in cyber–physical microgrids are discussed.
- In addition, this paper discusses future directions and works for this research line to address the current challenges.
2. Introduction to Deep Learning
- Feed-forward neural network,
- Radial basis function neural network,
- Cascaded neural network,
- Non-linear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network,
- Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network,
- Convolutional neural network (CNN),
- Etc.
- Particle swarm optimization,
- Firefly algorithm,
- Teaching learning-based optimization,
- Genetic algorithm,
- Etc.
3. Deep Learning-Based Load Forecasting
4. Forecasting the Renewable Energy Resource Production
4.1. PV Output Prediction
4.2. Wind Power Prediction
5. Deep Learning-Based Weather Prediction
5.1. Wind Speed Prediction
5.2. Solar Irradiance Prediction
6. A Brief Overview and a Few Additional Considerations
7. Advantages, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives
7.1. Advantages
- Clear implementation,
- Easy to understand,
- No need or a very slight need to have a knowledge about the entire studied application.
7.2. Challenges
- Requirement of a high volume of data,
- Difficult access to some data,
- Time consuming process for the training of the deep learning-based application,
- Data availability,
- Scalability of ANN-based strategies in cyber–physical microgrids,
- Unclean data.
7.3. Solutions and Future Perspectives
- Generating data in the case of small dataset,
- Considering the studied system as a gray-box,
- Quantum computing,
- Data cleaning.
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traditional Microgrid | Transportation-Based Microgrid | Space Microgrid | Building Microgrid | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Small-Scale Power System | X | |||
Shipboard Power system | X | |||
Satellite | X | |||
Aircraft | X | |||
Data Center | X | |||
Lunar Habitat | X | |||
Residential Building | X | |||
Commercial Building | X |
Protection Strategy | Secure Control | Communication-Based Strategies | Well-Designed Controllers | Optimization-Based Methods | Forecasting-Based Approaches | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Fault | X | |||||
Cyber Issue | X | X | ||||
Stability | X | |||||
Economical Aspect | X | |||||
Size of the Area | X | |||||
Uncertainty | X | |||||
Environmental Issue | X |
Advantages | Issues | Future Directions and Solutions | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Clear deployment | Data availability | Generation of Data |
2 | Easily understandable | Unavailability to some parameters or data | Considering the system as a gray-box. |
3 | The mathematical-based information of the entire system are not required. | Training to tune the parameters of the deep learning-based network can be a time consuming process. | Quantum computing |
4 | Typically just data are required | Unclean data | Data cleaning |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Habibi, M.R.; Golestan, S.; Guerrero, J.M.; Vasquez, J.C. Deep Learning for Forecasting-Based Applications in Cyber–Physical Microgrids: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Electronics 2023, 12, 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071685
Habibi MR, Golestan S, Guerrero JM, Vasquez JC. Deep Learning for Forecasting-Based Applications in Cyber–Physical Microgrids: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Electronics. 2023; 12(7):1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071685
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabibi, Mohammad Reza, Saeed Golestan, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. 2023. "Deep Learning for Forecasting-Based Applications in Cyber–Physical Microgrids: Recent Advances and Future Directions" Electronics 12, no. 7: 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071685
APA StyleHabibi, M. R., Golestan, S., Guerrero, J. M., & Vasquez, J. C. (2023). Deep Learning for Forecasting-Based Applications in Cyber–Physical Microgrids: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Electronics, 12(7), 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071685