Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Antenna Design
2.1. Geometry
- Tilt the structure’s elements to reduce size while maintaining comparable resonant frequencies. For this purpose, a printed fractal dipole is studied at first, as shown in Figure 2a.
- The structure’s elements are extended inwards, as shown in Figure 2b,c.
- The structure is parametrically studied to identify parts where it resonates in the desired bands. For better matching, a parametric study on different parts of the antenna is conducted. The lower side of the radiating element is modified and parametrically optimized, as seen in Figure 2d.
- For further miniaturization, one element is removed and is replaced with a ground plane at the bottom of the substrate, cutting the structure’s width almost in half, as shown in Figure 2e. This results in a slight degradation in terms of performance.
- For further miniaturization, the antenna’s sides are flattened and parametrically studied to ensure comparable behavior to the initial design.
- After all modifications are done, the structure’s matching is enhanced again by creating and tuning two parts, “A” and “B”, as shown in Figure 3, where:
- ⚬
- A: is the space resonating in the MICS band;
- ⚬
- B: is the space resonating in the ISM 2.4 GHz band.
2.2. Simulation
3. Tissue-Mimicking Phantom Characterization
3.1. Sugar/NaCl Mixture
3.2. Triton X-100/DGBE Mixture
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Raza, Y.; Yousaf, M.; Abbas, N.; Akram, A.; Amin, Y. A High Gain Low-profile Implantable Antenna for Medical Applications. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob), Bandung, Indonesia, 8–10 April 2021; pp. 253–257. [Google Scholar]
- Abbas, N.; Manzoor, B.; Yousaf, M.; Zahid, M.; Bashir, Z.; Akram, A.; Amin, Y. A Compact Wide Band Implantable Antenna for Biotelemetry. In Proceedings of the 2019 Second International Conference on Latest trends in Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (INTELLECT), Karachi, Pakistan, 13–14 November 2019; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Lamkaddem, A.; Yousfi, A.E.; Abdalmalak, K.A.; Posadas, V.G.; Muñoz, L.E.G.; Segovia-Vargas, D. A Compact Design for Dual-band Implantable Antenna Applications. In Proceedings of the 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Dusseldorf, Germany, 22–26 March 2021; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Karacolak, T.; Hood, A.Z.; Topsakal, E. Design of a Dual-Band Implantable Antenna and Development of Skin Mimicking Gels for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 2008, 56, 1001–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pournoori, N.; Ma, S.; Sydänheimo, L.; Ukkonen, L.; Björninen, T.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. Compact Dual-Band PIFA Based on a Slotted Radiator for Wireless Biomedical Implants. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 7–12 July 2019; pp. 13–14. [Google Scholar]
- Fukunaga, K.; Watanabe, S.; Yamanaka, Y. Dielectric properties of tissue-equivalent liquids and their effects on specific absorption rate. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 2004, 46, 126–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Damaj, A.W.; Misilmani, H.M.E.; Chahine, S.A. Implantable Antennas for Biomedical Applications: An Overview on Alternative Antenna Design Methods and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS), Orléans, France, 16–20 July 2018; pp. 31–37. [Google Scholar]
- Hamzah, S.A.; Raimi, M.K.; Abdullah, N.; Zainal, M.S. Design, Simulation, Fabrication and Measurement of a 900MHZ Koch Fractal Dipole Antenna. In Proceedings of the 2006 4th Student Conference on Research and Development, Shah Alam, Malaysia, 27–28 June 2006; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Gabriel, S.; Lau, R.W.; Gabriel, C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys. Med. Biol. 1996, 41, 2271–2293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yilmaz, T.; Karacolak, T.; Topsakal, E. Characterization of Muscle and Fat Mimicking Gels at MICS and ISM Bands (402–405 MHz and 2.40–2.48 GHz). In Proceedings of the XXIX General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, Chicago, IL, USA, 7–16 August 2008. [Google Scholar]
Parameter | Value (mm) |
---|---|
L | 17.2 |
W | 14.8 |
Dielectric thickness | 0.127 |
Sl | 0.7 |
Sw | 1.6 |
Sd1 | 1.8 |
Sd2 | 1 |
Lm1 | 9 |
Lm2 | 4.1 |
Lm3 | 5.3 |
Lm4 | 7.5 |
Lm5 | 3.9 |
Lm6 | 7.4 |
Lm7 | 1.9 |
Lmw | 0.1 |
Lio | 0.3 |
Wio | 0.1 |
Le1 | 3.2 |
Le2 | 2 |
Wext | 11.6 |
Lma | 0.1 |
Lia | 4.5 |
Wia | 10.4 |
Ingredient | MICS Phantom | ISM 2.4 Phantom |
---|---|---|
Triton X-100 (mL) | 20 | 30 |
DGBE (mL) | 45 | 55 |
NaCl (g) | 1 | - |
Deionized water (mL) | 100 | 100 |
Reference | Volume (mm3) | Frequency (MHz) | Bandwidth (MHz) | Gain (dBi) | Via |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | 12.8 | 2450 | 290 | −14 | Yes |
[2] | 9.8 | 2450 | 420 | −15 | Yes |
[3] | 91.44 | 915 2450 | - - | −13.14 (meas) −28 (meas) | No |
[4] | 1265.63 | 400 2450 | 141.2 170.4 | - - | Yes |
[5] | 261.25 | −915 2450 | 200 450 | −26.71 −17.5 | Yes |
This work | 64.65 | 400 2450 | 23 (meas) 190 (meas) | −42.97 −17 (meas) | No |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bahrouni, M.; Houzet, G.; Vuong, T.P.; Mendes, P.M.; Dinis, H.; Silva, R.; Trabelsi, H. Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications. Electronics 2023, 12, 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475
Bahrouni M, Houzet G, Vuong TP, Mendes PM, Dinis H, Silva R, Trabelsi H. Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications. Electronics. 2023; 12(6):1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahrouni, Majdi, Gregory Houzet, Tan Phu Vuong, Paulo M. Mendes, Hugo Dinis, Rui Silva, and Hichem Trabelsi. 2023. "Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications" Electronics 12, no. 6: 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475
APA StyleBahrouni, M., Houzet, G., Vuong, T. P., Mendes, P. M., Dinis, H., Silva, R., & Trabelsi, H. (2023). Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications. Electronics, 12(6), 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475