Experimental Analysis to Detect Corona COVID-19 Virus Symptoms in Male Patients through Breath Pattern Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Human Breathe Pattern and Virus Detection
Corona COVID-19 Virus Dataset Challenge
4. Breath Parameter and Dataset Preparation—The Implementation Strategy
4.1. Electronic Spirometry (E-Spirometry) Analysis (Data Is Collected through the Mobile App)
- FEV1—forced expiratory volume in one second: the volume of air exhaled in the first second under force after a maximal inhalation (normal range FEV1 ≥ 80%).
- FEV1/FVC ratio: the percentage of the FVC expired in one second (normal range FEV1/FVC ≥ 70%).
- FEV6—forced expiratory volume in six seconds: the amount of air exhaled after full inhalation within the first six seconds under force (normal range FEV6 ≥ 80%). FEF25–75%—forced expiratory flow: the FEP over the middle one half of the FVC; the average flow from the point at which 25% of the FVC has been exhaled to the point at which 75% of the FVC has been exhaled.
- MVV—maximal voluntary ventilation: the volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort (normal range is 15–20 times and the resting minute volume average values for males and females are 140–180 and 80–120 L per minute, respectively).
- PEF—peak expiratory flow: the highest forced expiratory flow is measured with a peak flow meter (normal range is 400–700 L/min).
4.2. Lung Volumes Analysis
- ERV—expiratory reserve volume: at the end of each exhalation, the maximum amount of air exhaled (normal range = 1.1 L (males) and 0.7 L (females));
- IRV—inspiratory reserve volume: the maximum amount of air inhaled as a result of end-inspiration [40] (normal range = 3.3 L (males) and 1.9 L (females));
- RV—residual volume: after a maximal exhale, the amount of air left in the lungs [40] (normal range = 1.2 L (males) and 1.1 L (females));
- TV—tidal volume: during each respiratory cycle, the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (normal range = 0.5 L).
4.3. Lung Capacities Analysis
- FRC—functional residual capacity: at resting end-expiration, the volume of air in the lungs [41] (normal range = 2.4 L (males) and 1.8 L (females));
- IC—inspiratory capacity: from the resting expiratory level, the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled [41] (normal range = 3.8 L (males) and 2.4 L (females));
- TLC—total lung capacity: the amount of air in the lungs when fully inflated (normal range = 6.0 L (males) and 4.2 L (females));
- VC—vital capacity: after full inspiration, the highest volume is measured on complete exhale [40] (normal range = 4.8 L (males) and 3.1 L (females)).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | FVC | FEV1 | RATIO FEV1/FVC | FEV6 | FEF | MVV | PEF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 80% or more | 80% or more/second | 70% or more | 80%/6 s or more | 25–75% | 140–180 per liter per minute (Male)80–120 per liter per minute (Female) | 400–700 L/min |
Parameter | ERV | IRV | RV | TV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 1.2 L (Male) 0.7 L (Female) | 3.3 L (Male) 1.9 L (Female) | 1.2 L (Male) 1.1 L (Female) | 0.5 L |
Parameter | FRC | IC | TLC | VC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 2.4 L (Male) 1.8 L (Female) | 3.8 L (Male) 2.4 L (Female) | 6.0 L (Male) 4.2 L (Female) | 4.8 L (Male) 3.1 L (Female) |
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Mayet, A.M.; Shukla, N.K.; Raja, M.R.; Ahmad, I.; Aiesh Qaisi, R.M.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Taparwal, A.; Tirth, V.; AL-Dossary, R. Experimental Analysis to Detect Corona COVID-19 Virus Symptoms in Male Patients through Breath Pattern Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Electronics 2023, 12, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010010
Mayet AM, Shukla NK, Raja MR, Ahmad I, Aiesh Qaisi RM, Al-Qahtani AA, Taparwal A, Tirth V, AL-Dossary R. Experimental Analysis to Detect Corona COVID-19 Virus Symptoms in Male Patients through Breath Pattern Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Electronics. 2023; 12(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayet, Abdulilah Mohammad, Neeraj Kumar Shukla, M. Ramkumar Raja, Ijaz Ahmad, Ramy Mohammed Aiesh Qaisi, Ali Awadh Al-Qahtani, Anita Taparwal, Vineet Tirth, and Reem AL-Dossary. 2023. "Experimental Analysis to Detect Corona COVID-19 Virus Symptoms in Male Patients through Breath Pattern Using Machine Learning Algorithms" Electronics 12, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010010
APA StyleMayet, A. M., Shukla, N. K., Raja, M. R., Ahmad, I., Aiesh Qaisi, R. M., Al-Qahtani, A. A., Taparwal, A., Tirth, V., & AL-Dossary, R. (2023). Experimental Analysis to Detect Corona COVID-19 Virus Symptoms in Male Patients through Breath Pattern Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Electronics, 12(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010010