A Survey on CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background on CubeSats and Their Subsystems
2.1. Mass and Volume
2.2. Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
2.3. Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS)
2.4. Command and Data Handling Subsystem (C&DH)
2.5. Propulsion Subsystem
2.6. Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADCS)
3. Background on Antennas and CubeSat Missions
3.1. CubeSat Antenna Specifications
3.2. CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs
4. Single-Element CubeSat Antenna Designs
4.1. Monopole and Dipole Antennas
4.2. Planar Antennas
4.3. Antenna Integrated with Solar Panels
4.4. Conical Spiral Helix Antenna
4.5. Other Antenna Designs
4.6. Recommendation for Single-Element Antennas and CubeSat Missions
5. Antenna Arrays for CubeSat
5.1. Linear Arrays for CubeSats
5.2. Planar Arrays for CubeSats
5.3. Reflectarrays, Reflectors, and Transmitarrays for CubeSats
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reflectarray [194] | 26G 8.425 | 33.5 >28 | >100 >100 | Yes Yes |
Mesh Reflector [195,200] | 35.75 | 42.6 | N/A | Yes |
Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray [101] | 36 | 33.5 | >100 | Yes |
MarCO [196] | 8.425 | 29.2 | 50 | Yes |
Cassegrain Reflectarray [196] | 35.75 | 48 | N/A | Yes |
LADeR Reflectarray [198] | 8.4 | 39.6 | N/A | Yes |
Transmitarray [199] | 24.6 | 31.6 | N/A | Yes |
5.4. Log-Periodic Crossed-Dipole Arrays
5.5. Slotted Waveguide Antenna Arrays
5.6. Inflatable Antenna Arrays
5.7. Retrodirective or Self-Steering Antenna Arrays
5.8. Interferometer (Large Antenna Arrays)
5.9. Arraying Techniques and Correlation Algorithms
5.10. Recommendations for Antenna Arrays
6. Comparison of Single-Element Antennas with Antenna Arrays
6.1. Operating Frequency Bands
6.2. Gain
7. Conclusions
7.1. Lessons Learned
7.2. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Size | Dimensions | Wet Mass |
---|---|---|
1U | 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm | 1.3 kg |
2U | 10 cm × 10 cm × 20 cm | 2.6 kg |
3U | 10 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm | 3.9 kg |
6U | 10 cm × 20 cm × 30 cm | 7.8 kg |
12U | 10 cm × 10 cm × 60 cm | 15.6 kg |
Restrictions | Description |
---|---|
Size and Mass | Light weight and compact to fit the 10 cm × 10 cm size of a CubeSat surface in the case of 1U (without considering deployment volume). |
Deployment | Deployment mechanism must be chosen or designed to minimize risk of deployment failure. |
Attitude Control | Choice between active or passive control systems will determine the antenna pointing accuracy, as well as the choice of fixed or steering beam antenna. |
Frequency Band and Bandwidth | Set by the mission specifications and allocated by the ITU or FCC. Dictates the uplink and downlink. |
Loss | Antenna radiation or aperture efficiency must be higher than 50%. Antenna must match well with a reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. |
Orbit (Communication Range) | Low Earth orbit: 400–2000 km Inter-satellite: Depends on swarm architecture Deep space: >2 × 106 km |
Gain | Choice between low gain (LG), medium gain (MG), or high gain (HG), according to the available RF power budget and orbit. |
Link Budget | High enough gain to provide the required SNR according to the modulation used. |
Footprint | Dictate the beam width or the shape of the radiation pattern, as well as the size of the aperture. |
Space Environment and Durability | Withstand thermal variations from −40 to +85 Celsius. Must pass thermal-vacuum cycling test (TVCT) and vibration test. |
Cost | Off-the-shelf materials to reduce budget. |
Polarization | Circular polarization to reduce losses due to polarization mismatch. Satisfy the cross-polarization levels set by the mission specifications. |
Band Designator | Dimensions |
---|---|
HF | 3–30 MHz |
VHF | 30–300 MHz |
UHF | 300–1000 MHz |
L | 1–2 GHz |
S | 2–4 GHz |
Ku | 12–18 GHz |
Ka | 26.5–40 GHz |
V | 40–75 GHz |
W | 75–110 GHz |
CubeSat Mission Name | Antenna Type | Mission Type | Size | Frequency Band | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
XI-IV (CO-57) [44] | Monopole and Dipole | Educational | 1U | VHF/UHF | 2003 |
DTUSat-1 [45] | Monopole and Dipole | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2003 |
QuakeSat [30] | Four Monopoles | Earth Observation Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2003 |
CUTE-1 [46] | Three Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2003 |
Cute-1.7 + APD [47] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 2U | UHF and L-Band | 2003 |
XI-V (CO-58) [44] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2005 |
NCube [48] | Monopole and Patch | Educational | 1U | VHF, UHF, and S-Band | 2005 |
Cute-1.7 + APD II [49] | Three Monopoles | Educational Technology Demonstration | 2U | UHF and L-Band | 2006 |
CP1 [16,50] | Dipole | Scientific | 1U | UHF | 2006 |
GeneSat-1 [51] | Monopole | Scientific | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2006 |
Mea Huaka [52] | Monopole | N/A | 1U | UHF | 2006 |
MEROPE [53] | Dipole | Scientific | 1U | UHF | 2006 |
KUTESat-2 [54] | Dipoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2006 |
ION [55] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2006 |
CP2/CP4 [50,56] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2007 |
CAPE-1 [57] | Monopole | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2007 |
CSTB1 [58] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2007 |
COMPASS-1 [59] | Monopole and Dipole | Earth Observation | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2008 |
CanX-1 [60] | Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2008 |
Delfi-C3 [61] | Monopole and Dipole | Educational | 3U | UHF and VHF | 2008 |
CanX-2 [62] | Monopole and Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2008 |
AAU [63] | Dipoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2008 |
PSSCT [64,65] | Patch | Technology Demonstration | 12.5 cm × 12.5 cm × 25 cm | UHF | 2008 |
SEED-2 [66] | Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2008 |
SwissCube [67] | Monopoles | Scientific | 1U | UHF | 2009 |
BeeSat (Known as DRAGON SAT with AggieSat2) [46] | Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2009 |
CP3/CP6 [50] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2009 |
HAUSAT-2 [68] | Dipoles | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2009 |
ITUpSat-I [69] | Four Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2009 |
Pharmasat- [70] | Patch | Scientific | 3U | S-Band | 2009 |
AubieSat-1 [71] | Dipole | Educational Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2011 |
CP5 [50] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2011 |
Hermes [72] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF and S-Band | 2011 |
KySat [45] | Three Monopoles | Educational Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF, VHF, and S-Band | 2011 |
M-Cubed [73] | Monopole and Dipole | Educational Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2011 |
E1P-2 [74] | Monopole | Scientific | 1U | UHF | 2011 |
AtmoCube [74] | Dipole | Scientific | 1U | UHF | 2012 |
Aeneas [75] | Parabolic Meshed Reflector | Surveillance | 3U | UHF | 2012 |
Goliat [76] | Monopole | Earth Observation | 1U | UHF and S-Band | 2012 |
UNICUBESAT [77] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2012 |
PWSat [78] | Two Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2012 |
XaTcobeo [79] | Four Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2012 |
e-st@r [80] | Dipole | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2012 |
CAPE-2 [57] | Monopole | Educational | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2013 |
CP8(IPEX) [50,81] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2013 |
Delfin3Xt [82] | Monopole and Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF, VHF, and S-Band | 2013 |
ExoplanetSat [83] | Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | S-Band | 2013 |
FireFly [22] | Monopole | Scientific | 3U | UHF | 2013 |
ZACUBE-1 [84] | Dipole | Scientific | 1U | HF | 2013 |
MOVE I [85] | Dipole | Educational | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2013 |
UWE-3 [86] | Monopoles | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2013 |
FunCube [78] | Monopoles | Educational | 1U | VHF and UHF | 2013 |
TJ3Sat [87] | Monopoles | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2013 |
ALL-STAR [88] | Cavity-Backed Antenna | Educational | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2014 |
CanX-4&5 [89] | Monopole, Dipole, and Patch | Technology Demonstration | 1U | VHF, UHF, and S-Band | 2014 |
DTUSat-2 [73] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | S-Band and L-Band | 2014 |
MicroMAS [90] | Parabolic Reflector and Monopole | Earth Observation | 3U | UHF | 2014 |
OPUSat [91] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2014 |
VELOX-PII [85] | Dipole | Educational | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2014 |
AeroCube-OCSD [44,92] | Patch | Technology Demonstration | 1.5U | UHF | 2015 |
Firebird [93] | Dipole | Scientific | 1.5U+1.5U | UHF and VHF | 2015 |
GOMX-3 [94] | Four Monopoles, Patch, and Helical | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF, S-Band, and L-Band | 2015 |
AggieSat2 (Known as DRAGON SAT with Bevo-1) [95] | Dipole and Patch | Educational Technology Demonstration | 1U | S-Band | 2016 |
CP10(ExoCube) [50,81] | Parabolic Reflector | Scientific | 3U | UHF | 2016 |
OUFTI-1 [94] | Monopoles | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2016 |
BEVO-1 [95] | Dipole and Patch | Educational Technology Demonstration | 1U | S-Band | 2016 |
Aalto-I [96,97] | Crossed-Dipole and Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | VHF, UHF, and S-band | 2017 |
CXBN-2 [70] | Quadrature Spring Steel Array | Technology Demonstration | 2U | UHF and S-Band | 2017 |
EC0 (UNSW-EC0) [98] | Monopole | Education | 2U | UHF | 2017 |
ICECube [99] | Dipole and Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2017 |
QBITO [100] | Four Monopoles | Education purpose | 2U | UHF | 2017 |
ISARA [101] | Reflectarray Integrated with Solar Panels | Technology Demonstration Communications | 3U | UHF and Ka-Band | 2017 |
RadSat [99] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2018 |
SPATIUM [102] | Monopole | Scientific | 2U | UHF | 2018 |
UWE-4 [103] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 1U | UHF | 2018 |
CANYCAL-X [102] | Patch and Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 1U+2U | UHF and S-Band | 2018 |
AeroCube-11R3 [104] | Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2018 |
KNACKSA [105] | Two Dipoles | Technology Demonstration Earth observation | 1U | VHF and UHF | 2018 |
CHOMPTT [62] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2018 |
MarCO [9] | Reflectarray, Patch Array, and Loop | Interplanetary Exploration | 6U | UHF and X-Band | 2018 |
RainCube [106] | Parabolic Mesh Reflector | Earth Observation Technology Demonstration | 6U | Ka-Band | 2018 |
AzTechSat-1 [107] | Patch | Educational | 1U | UHF and VHF | 2019 |
ANGELS [108] | Square Array Inverted F | Technology Demonstration | 12U | UHF and L-Band | 2019 |
ARMADILLO [51] | Monopole | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2019 |
EyeSat [109] | Patch | Educational | 3U | S-Band and X-Band | 2019 |
OPS-SAT [92] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF and S-Band and X-Band | 2019 |
SORTIE [103] | Dipole | Technology Demonstration | 6U | UHF | 2019 |
Artemis [110] | Horn | Technology Demonstration | 1U | L-Band and Ku-Band | 2020 |
SERB [111] | Patch | Technology Demonstration | 3U | S-Band | 2020 |
Landmapper-BC5 [112] | Monopole and Horn | Earth observation | 6U | UHF and Ka-Band | 2020 |
Lemur-2 [113] | Monopoles and Patch Array | Earth observation | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2020 |
Flock [114] | N/A | Earth observation | 3U | UHF and X-Band | 2020 and 2022 |
Kepler [115] | Phased Array | Communications IoT | 6U | S-Band and Ku-Band | 2018 and 2020–2022 |
TTU100 [116] | Dipole and Patch Array | Technology Demonstration Earth Observation | 1U | UHF and X-Band | 2020 |
NetSat [117] | Dipoles | Technology Demonstration Educational | 3U | UHF | 2020 |
TRISAT [118] | Patch and Dipoles | Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2020 |
Quetzal | Dipoles | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2020 |
OSM1-CICERO [119] | Phased Array | Earth Observation | 6U | UHF and X-Band | 2020 |
PICASSO [120] | Patch and Dipoles | Earth Observation | 3U | VHF, UHF, and S-Band | 2020 |
AMICal Sat [121] | Patch and Dipoles | Demonstration Earth Observation | 2U | VHF, UHF, and S-Band | 2020 |
Astrocast [122] | Patch and Patch Array | Communications IoT | 3U | L-band | 2021 |
BEESAT 5–8 [123] | N/A | Technology Demonstration | 0.25 | UHF | 2021 |
RADCUBE [124] | Dipoles | Scientific | 3U | UHF | 2021 |
ExoCube-2 [125] | Monopoles | Scientific | 3U | UHF | 2021 |
Cesium Satellite [126] | Active Phased Array | Technology Demonstration | 6U | Ka-Band | 2021 |
CAS-9 [127] | Monopole | Communications | 6U | VHF and UHF | 2021 |
SOMP2b [128] | Monopoles | Communications | 2U | UHF | 2021 |
W-Cube [129] | Array of Concentric Ring Antennas (Bull’s Eye) | Scientific Technology Demonstration | 3U | W-Band | 2021 |
Centauri [130] | Active Phased Array | Communications IoT | 6U | S-Band | 2018, 2021, and 2022 |
ELO Alpha [131] | Helical, Patch Array, and Dipoles | Communications IoT | 3U | ISM | 2021 |
IDEASSat [132] | Monopole and Patch | Technology Demonstration Earth Observation | 3U | UHF and S-Band | 2021 |
KSF1 [133] | Monopoles, Patch Array, and Helical | Surveillance | 6U | VHF and S-Band | 2021 |
D2/AtlaCom-1 [134] | Monopoles and Patch Array | Educational Earth Observation | 6U | UHF and X-Band | 2021 |
FORESAIL-1 [135] | Monopoles | Scientific Technology Demonstration | 3U | UHF | 2022 |
IRIS-A [136] | Monopoles | Communications IoT | 2U | UHF | 2022 |
HYPSO [137] | Patch, Monopole, and Dipoles | Technology Demonstration Earth Observation | 6U | UHF and S-Band | 2022 |
Spark-2 [138] | Patch and Monopoles | Communications IoT (5G) | 12U | S-Band | 2022 |
SanoSat-1 [139] | Dipole | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2022 |
Planetum-1 [140] | Monopole | Educational | 1U | UHF | 2022 |
SpaceBEE [141] | Dipole | Communications IoT | 0.25U | VHF | 2018–2022 |
2003 | 2005–2011 | 2012–2013 | 2014–2015 | 2016–2017 | 2018–2019 | 2020–2022 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monopole and Dipole | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Patch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reflector | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Helical | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Reflectarrays | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Arrays | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Phased Arrays | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Horn | ✓ |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monopole and Dipole [142,148,149] | 0.146 (uplink) 0.438 (downlink) | 2–4 | N/A | Yes |
G-Shaped Monopole (3 structures) [147] | Structure I: 0.150 Structure II: 0.180 Structure III: 0.330 | 3.757 2.671 2.774 | 58 77 147 | No |
Dual-Band Folded-End Dipole [150] | 2.5 4.7 | 4.9 7.55 | 500 250 | No |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inflatable parabolic reflector with patch feed [152] | 2.4 | 16 | N/A | Yes |
F-shaped patch [153] | 2.45 | 8 | 1200 | No |
Dual-feed, L/S dual-band stack patch [154] | 1.57 2.2 | 5.4 6 | N/A | No |
Koch curve fractal microstrip [155] | 2.3 | 4.18 | 290 | No |
Shorted patch [156] | 2.45 | 2.52 | 550 | No |
Metal only patch [157] | 2.45 | 8.5 | 1100 | No |
Tapered line feeder patch [158] | 2.46 | 9.6 | Narrow | No |
V-shaped asymmetrical slits [159] | 2.285 | 6 | 0.4 | No |
Tapered peripheral slits [160] | 0.436 | 0.7–1.4 | 4 | No |
L-band patch with frequency tuning slots [94] | 1.54 | 5.5 | 40 | No |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transparent meshed [167] | 2.4 | 6.16 | 40 | No |
Dual-feed meshed patch [164] | 2.4 | 6.25 | N/A | No |
Dual patch meshed (81% transparency) [168] | 2.5 | 5.09 | N/A | No |
L-shaped slots meshed (89% transparency) [168] | 2.4 | 4.4 | 140 | No |
Meander shaped slot [165] | 0.485 0.500 | 4 | 15 | No |
Polarization reconfigurable slot [166] | 2.3 | 7 | N/A | No |
Transparent mesh patch [169] | 2.4 | N/A | 80 | No |
Transparent meshed [167] | 2.4 | 6.16 | 40 | No |
Dual-feed meshed patch [164] | 2.4 | 6.25 | N/A | No |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Helical [170] | 0.400 | 13 | N/A | Yes |
Hemispherical Helical [171] | 2.45 | 13.2 | N/A | Yes |
Bottom-Fed [172] | 2.2–3.1 | 11.2 | 900 | Yes |
Conical [173] | 0.300–0.600 | 5 | 300 | Yes |
Quadrifilar Helix [174] | 0.250–0.500 | 5.41 | Various | Yes |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (GHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bull’s Eye [175] | 60.08 | 19.1 | 5.06 | No |
Cylindrical DRA Antenna [176] | 7.4 11.1 | 5.2 4.8 | 0.6 0.8 | No |
Balance Inductive Exciters (BIEs) [177] | 2.425 | 6.3 | 0.5 | No |
Metal-Only Metasurface [178] | 32 | 24.4 | 2 | No |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (MHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yagi-Uda on solar panels [184] | 0.435 | 11.5 | 53 | Yes |
Quad 4-monopole array [185] | 0.436 | 2d | N/A | Yes |
W-Band 16 × 32 series fed phased antenna array [186] | 85.4 | 30 | 800 | No |
Printed Yagi [187] | 1.3 2.4 3.0 | 5.28 6.12 8.17 | 100 190 250 | No |
Type of Antenna | Frequency (GHz) | Gain (dBi) | −10 dB BW (GHz) | Deployable |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 × 2 Planar Active Phased Array [188] | 2.4 | 5 | 0.1 | No |
4-Element Patch Array [189,190] | 2.45 | 8.3 | 1500 | No |
Planar Phased Array [38] | 5.8 | 5.8 | N/A | No |
2 × 2 Annular Planar Array [191] | 8.25 | 13 | 0.7 | No |
4 × 4 Dual-Frequency, Dual-Polarization Stack Array [192] | 14 35 | 15.82 14.84 | 0.3 1.7 | No |
6 × 6 Planar Patch Array [193] | 10.4 | 20.1 | 2 | No |
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Liu, S.; Theoharis, P.I.; Raad, R.; Tubbal, F.; Theoharis, A.; Iranmanesh, S.; Abulgasem, S.; Khan, M.U.A.; Matekovits, L. A Survey on CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs. Electronics 2022, 11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132021
Liu S, Theoharis PI, Raad R, Tubbal F, Theoharis A, Iranmanesh S, Abulgasem S, Khan MUA, Matekovits L. A Survey on CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs. Electronics. 2022; 11(13):2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132021
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Sining, Panagiotis Ioannis Theoharis, Raad Raad, Faisel Tubbal, Angelos Theoharis, Saeid Iranmanesh, Suhila Abulgasem, Muhammad Usman Ali Khan, and Ladislau Matekovits. 2022. "A Survey on CubeSat Missions and Their Antenna Designs" Electronics 11, no. 13: 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132021