Securing Color Video When Transmitting through Communication Channels Using DT-CWT-Based Watermarking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background Review
2.1. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
- -
- When a small perturbation occurs in an image, the SVs of the image have good stability.
- -
- The SVs denote the image’s algebraic qualities, which are not visible.
2.2. The CWT Transform with Dual Trees
As a Solution, Complex Wavelets Are Used
3. Related Work
4. Discussion
4.1. CWT-Based SVD Watermarking Is a Suggested Watermarking Method
4.1.1. CWT Using the LSB Method
Embedding a Watermark
- (1)
- The watermark is subjected to a one-level complex wavelet transform.
- (2)
- All high-pass bands are then subjected to the SVD transform.
- (3)
- Use the DT-CWT and SVD to process the original frame.
- (4)
- For the entire frame, the one-level CWT is computed. Six high-frequency sub-bands are created using this procedure.
- (5)
- Application of SVD to the high-frequency subband
- (6)
- Using the LSB technique, replace the SVs of the high-pass sub band with the SVs of the watermark.
- (7)
- After that, embed the values of the SVs of the CWT coefficients of the watermark into the LSB of the SVs of the original frame.
- (8)
- Obtain the new DT-CWT coefficients of six subbands:
- (9)
- Finally, using the modified CWT coefficients, apply the reverse CWT. The last watermarked frame is created during this activity.
- (10)
- Then, we generate the watermarked video as shown in Figure 7.
The Watermark Extraction
- (1)
- Calculate the frame’s one-level DT-CWT. This results in six high-frequency subbands.
- (2)
- Every high-pass subband is subjected to SVD.
- (3)
- Every high frequency band has SVs taken from it. Take the LSB of each of the SVs of the watermarked image’s coefficients.
- (4)
- Using the matrix of the watermarked image and the vectors obtained during the embedding process; construct the DT-CWT coefficients of the six high-frequency subbands.
- (5)
- Finally, the watermarks are developed using reverse DT-CWT.
4.1.2. Proposed Additive Method
The Watermark’s Embedding
- (1)
- The watermark is decomposed using one level of CWT.
- (2)
- Every high-pass band is subjected to SVD.
- (3)
- Use the DT-CWT and SVD to process the original image.
- (4)
- The two-level CWT is calculated. Six high-frequency sub-bands are created using this procedure.
- (5)
- Decompose each high-frequency subband using the singular value decomposition:
- (6)
- Using the additive method, combine the SVs of each high-frequency subband with the SVs of the watermark.
- (7)
- Obtain the following six subbands:
- (8)
- Finally, using the altered DT-CWT coefficients, apply the inverse of DT-CWT; this operation provides the final watermarked frame.
- (9)
- Then, we generate the watermarked video.
Extraction of the Watermark
- (1)
- Calculate the frame’s two-level DT-CWT. This results in the creation of six high-frequency sub-bands.
- (2)
- For each high-frequency subband, use SVD.
- (3)
- Each high-frequency subband’s SVs should be extracted.
- (4)
- Using the SV framework of the watermarked frame and the vectors calculated during the insertion operation, calculate the DT-CWT coefficients of the six high-frequency subbands.
- (5)
- Finally, use the inverse DT-CWT to create the visual watermarks.
5. Performance Evaluation
5.1. Imperceptibility Assessment
5.1.1. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.1.2. Correlation Coefficient
5.1.3. Structural Similarity Index Measure
5.2. Robustness
6. Simulation Results
6.1. Results of Proposed DT-CWT-Based SVD Video Watermarking Using Additive Method
6.2. The Effect of the Depth of the Watermark
6.3. Results of Proposed DT-CWT-Based SVD Video Watermarking Using LSB Method
6.4. Image Processing Attacks
6.5. Capacity
6.6. Comparison and Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mobile Video | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 (depth) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1 | |
Proposed system | PSNR (average) watermarked frames) | 115.13 dB | 99.7 dB | 91.48 dB | 75.58 dB | 68.34 dB |
Correlation of watermark | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |
SSIM | 0.999 | 0.9989 | 0.956 | 0.91 | 0.6765 |
watermark | Frame 2 | Frame 5 | Frame 100 |
| PSNR = 74.6 SSIM = −0.998 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.65 SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.67 SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 |
watermark | Frame 200 | Frame 250 | Frame 300 |
| PSNR = 74.66 SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.56 SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.7 SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 |
watermark | Frame 2 | Frame 50 | Frame 100 |
| PSNR = 74.7, SSIM = −0.998 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.9, SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.6, SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 |
watermark | Frame 200 | Frame 250 | Frame 150 |
| PSNR = 74.8, SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.7, SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 | PSNR = 74.8, SSIM = 0.99 NC = 1 |
Extracted Watermarks (NC) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of attack | Without attack | Median filter | Histogram equalization | blurring | sharpening | Gamma correction | Rotation 30 | cropping | Additive gaussian noise | Compression 50% |
Mobile.mp4 (30 frames) | ||||||||||
Average of first 15 frames | 1 | 0.938 | 0.924 | 0.932 | 0.965 | 0.983 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.956 | 0.933 |
Average of second 15 frames | 1 | 0.975 | 0.932 | 0.943 | 0.964 | 0.985 | 0.995 | 0.997 | 0.967 | 0.932 |
Foreman.mp4 (301 frames) | ||||||||||
Average of first 15 frames | 1 | 0.945 | 0.914 | 0.933 | 0.974 | 0.987 | 0.995 | 0.997 | 0.978 | 0.942 |
Average of second 15 frames | 1 | 0.997 | 0.923 | 0.951 | 0.972 | 0.988 | 0.996 | 0.998 | 0.988 | 0.934 |
Akiyo.mp4 (300 frames) | ||||||||||
Average of first 15 frames | 1 | 0.976 | 0.928 | 0.931 | 0.967 | 0.979 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.976 | 0.955 |
Average of second 15 frames | 1 | 0.953 | 0.922 | 0.961 | 0.987 | 0.979 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.977 | 0.945 |
Paper [19] | Paper [20] | Paper [16] | Proposed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grey scale image | 4096 bits | 8192 bits | 40,960 bit | 101,376 bit |
Method | PSNR (dB) | Run Time (sec) |
---|---|---|
DWT | 65.96 | 15.7 |
SVD | 33.37 | 18.8 |
DWT-based SVD | 65.96 | 25.2 |
Proposed DT-CWT-based SVD | 74.6 | 26.6 |
Method | PSNR (dB) | Run Time (sec) |
---|---|---|
DWT | 35.90 | 16.3 |
DWT-based SVD watermarking | 45.77 | 28.916 |
Proposed DT-CWT-based SVD watermarking | 60.65 | 29.69 |
Type of Attack | Paper [21] | Paper [16] | Paper [22] | Paper [23] | Proposed Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No attack | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Gaussian noise | 0.965 | 0.707 | 0.880 | 0.81 | 0.956 |
rotation | 0.998 | 0.787 | - | - | 0.996 |
compression | - | - | - | - | 0.945 |
Histogram equalization | 0.981 | 0.694 | 0.990 | 0.886 | 0.924 |
Median filter | 0.996 | 0.839 | - | 1 | 0.953 |
blurring | - | - | - | - | 0.961 |
Gamma correction | - | - | 0.935 | 1 | 0.979 |
Sharpening | - | - | - | 1 | 0.967 |
Cropping | 0.991 | - | 0.070 | 0.900 | 0.996 |
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Alkanhel, R.; Abdallah, H.A. Securing Color Video When Transmitting through Communication Channels Using DT-CWT-Based Watermarking. Electronics 2022, 11, 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121849
Alkanhel R, Abdallah HA. Securing Color Video When Transmitting through Communication Channels Using DT-CWT-Based Watermarking. Electronics. 2022; 11(12):1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121849
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkanhel, Reem, and Hanaa A. Abdallah. 2022. "Securing Color Video When Transmitting through Communication Channels Using DT-CWT-Based Watermarking" Electronics 11, no. 12: 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121849
APA StyleAlkanhel, R., & Abdallah, H. A. (2022). Securing Color Video When Transmitting through Communication Channels Using DT-CWT-Based Watermarking. Electronics, 11(12), 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121849