An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- An optimization model that determines the best electricity transactions between prosumers and EVs in a local energy community.
- The implementation of a new P2V market where the EVs can buy electricity at the cheapest prices compared to tariff available on retailers.
- The possibility of prosumers to sell the excess RES generation to EVs in a more profitable way.
- The model includes realistic constraints, prosumers load and generation profiles, PV systems, energy storage systems, EVs and market transactions constraints.
2. Proposed Formulation
3. Case Study
4. Results
- Scenario 1—Without the P2V market and considering the Portuguese feed-in tariff (0.095 EUR/kWh) for electricity export.
- Scenario 2—With P2V market and considering the Portuguese feed-in tariff (0.095 EUR/kWh) for electricity export.
- Scenario 3—Without the P2V market and considering the MIBEL Spot price (0.050 EUR/kWh) for electricity export.
- Scenario 4—With P2V market and considering the MIBEL Spot price (0.050 EUR/kWh) for electricity export.
- Scenario 5—Without P2V market and electricity export to the grid not remunerated.
- Scenario 6—With P2V market and electricity export to the grid not remunerated.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Indices: | |
Periods | |
Prosumers | |
Vehicles | |
Parameters: | |
Efficiency of EV battery charge | |
Efficiency of prosumer battery charge | |
Efficiency of prosumer battery discharge | |
Electricity consumption of EV during trips | |
Electricity generated | |
Factor adjustment | |
Fixed costs | |
Indicates if the EV is at home (1) or not (0) | |
Indication if the EV is travelling (0) or it is available to charge (1) | |
Limit of electricity export to the grid | |
Load of each prosumer | |
Maximum capacity of the prosumer battery | |
Maximum limit electricity sale to the EV | |
Maximum limit for EV electricity purchase to the retailer | |
Maximum power for prosumer battery charge | |
Maximum power for the prosumer battery discharge | |
Maximum power of EV battery charge located at prosumer | |
Maximum power that prosumer can buy from the grid | |
Maximum value for the EV battery capacity | |
Minimum retail price for each EV | |
Minimum value for the EV battery capacity | |
Number of periods | |
Number of prosumers | |
Number of vehicles | |
Price of electricity export to the grid | |
Price of electricity transaction between prosumer and EV | |
Retail price of electricity | |
Retail price to charge EV from the grid | |
Variables: | |
Binary variable for EV battery that represents the charge action | |
Binary variable for prosumer buy from grid | |
Binary variable for prosumer sell to grid | |
Binary variable for prosumer to EV transaction | |
Binary variable for the prosumer battery that represents the charge action | |
Binary variable for the prosumer battery that represents the discharge action | |
Binary variable to active the transaction of electricity between EV and retailer | |
Electric vehicles costs | |
Electricity battery charge | |
Electricity charged by each EV | |
Electricity charged by EV from the house | |
Electricity purchase by each EV to the retailer | |
Electricity state of the EV battery | |
Electricity transacted between prosumer and EV | |
Energy battery discharge | |
EV electricity purchase from the retailer | |
Prosumer costs | |
Prosumers electricity purchase from the retailer | |
Prosumers electricity sale to the grid | |
State of charge of the battery |
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Brand | Model | Type | Battery Capacity (kWh) | Charge Rate (kW) | Discharge Rate (kW) | Efficiency (%) | No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sonnen | 9.43 | Stationary | 15.000 | 3.300 | 3.300 | 0.9 | 7 |
Tesla | Powerwall | Stationary | 13.500 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 0.9 | 6 |
Alpha | Smile | Stationary | 14.500 | 2.867 | 2.867 | 0.9 | 3 |
Tesla | Model 3 Sta. Range + | EV | 50.000 | 11.000 | - | 0.9 | 5 |
VW | e-Golf | EV | 35.800 | 7.200 | - | 0.9 | 4 |
Nissan | Leaf | EV | 40.000 | 3.600 | - | 0.9 | 4 |
VW | ID.4 | EV | 82.000 | 11.000 | - | 0.9 | 3 |
VW | e-Up! | EV | 36.800 | 7.200 | - | 0.9 | 2 |
Honda | e | EV | 35.500 | 6.600 | - | 0.9 | 1 |
Peugeot | e-208 | EV | 50.000 | 7.400 | - | 0.9 | 1 |
Parameter | Designation | Value | Units | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | |||
Number of prosumers | 15 | - | ||
Number of EV | 20 | - | ||
Retail price (Prosumers) | 0.094 | 0.294 | EUR/kWh | |
Export price (feed-in, spot market) | 0 | 0.095 | EUR/kWh | |
Retail price (EVs) | 0.101 | 0.189 | EUR/kWh | |
P2V prices | 0.051 | 0.098 | EUR/kWh | |
Fixed costs of prosumers | 0.218 | 1.024 | EUR/day | |
Fixed costs of EV | 0.292 | 0.719 | EUR/day | |
Prosumer electricity generation | 0 | 10.349 | kW | |
Prosumers electricity load | 0 | 10.277 | kW | |
The maximum power limit (prosumers) | 3.450 | 20.700 | kW | |
The maximum export power limit | 1.725 | 10.350 | kW | |
The maximum P2V power transaction limit | 1.725 | 10.350 | kW | |
The initial level of prosumer battery | 0 | kWh | ||
Max. charge/discharge power prosumer battery | 2.867 | 5.000 | kW | |
The maximum level for the prosumer battery | 13.500 | 15.000 | kWh | |
Consumption related to PV movements | 0 | 13.300 | kWh | |
The maximum limit for EV charge | 3.600 | 11.000 | kW | |
The maximum power limit retailer contract | 4.600 | 13.800 | kW | |
The minimum level for the prosumer battery | 7.100 | 16.400 | kWh | |
The maximum level for EV battery | 35.500 | 82.000 | kWh | |
The initial level of EV battery | 7.100 | 16.400 | kWh | |
Maximum P2V power transaction limit (EVs) | 4.600 | 13.800 | kW |
Export Grid Price | Sce. | P2V Market | Total Cost (EUR) | Average Prosumer Cost (EUR) | Average EV Cost (EUR) | P2V Red. (%) | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed-in tariff | 1 | No | 74.76 | 2.959 | 1.52 | - | 2.94 |
2 | Yes | 73.60 | 2.956 | 1.46 | 1.56 | 182.84 | |
Market spot price | 3 | No | 75.66 | 3.019 | 1.52 | - | 2.72 |
4 | Yes | 73.79 | 3.014 | 1.43 | 2.47 | 78.16 | |
Export not remunerated | 5 | No | 76.66 | 3.086 | 1.52 | - | 2.67 |
6 | Yes | 73.99 | 3.079 | 1.39 | 3.48 | 117.08 |
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Faia, R.; Soares, J.; Vale, Z.; Corchado, J.M. An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles. Electronics 2021, 10, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129
Faia R, Soares J, Vale Z, Corchado JM. An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles. Electronics. 2021; 10(2):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaia, Ricardo, João Soares, Zita Vale, and Juan Manuel Corchado. 2021. "An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles" Electronics 10, no. 2: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129
APA StyleFaia, R., Soares, J., Vale, Z., & Corchado, J. M. (2021). An Optimization Model for Energy Community Costs Minimization Considering a Local Electricity Market between Prosumers and Electric Vehicles. Electronics, 10(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020129