Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification of Emollient Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vegetal Material
2.2. Extraction of P. edulis var. edulis Seed Oil (PEO)
2.3. Chemical Characterization of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
2.3.1. Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids
2.3.2. Gas Chromatography Analysis Coupled to GC-MS Mass Spectrometry
2.4. Physicochemical Characterization of Fixed Seed Oil of P. edulis var. edulis
Anisidine Index
2.5. Preparation of the Nanoemulsion Containing Soil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
2.6. Optimization of Nanoemulsions Containing Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
2.7. Characterization of Nanoemulsions of the Optimized Design
2.7.1. Droplet Size Analysis, PDI, Potential ζ and p-Anisidine Value of Nanoemulsions of the Optimized Design
2.7.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.7.3. Viscosity, pH and Conductivity
2.8. Stability Evaluation
2.9. Evaluation of Influence of Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis on Skin Parameters
2.9.1. Skin Viscoelasticity and Firmness
2.9.2. Transepidermal Water Loss
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical and Physicochemical Characterization of Fixed Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
3.2. Preparation of the Nanoemulsion Containing Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
3.3. Optimization of Nanomulsions Containing Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
3.3.1. Response Surface Models
3.3.2. Analysis of the Response Surface of the Effects of the Formulation Variables on the Droplet Size of the Nanoemulsions
3.3.3. Analysis of the Response Surface of the Effects of the Formulation Variables on the PDI of the Nanoemulsions
3.3.4. Analysis of the Response Surface of the Effects of the Formulation Variables on the Potential ζ of the Nanoemulsions
3.3.5. Analysis of the Response Surface of the Effects of the Formulation Variables on the p-Anisidine Value of the Nanoemulsions
3.4. Validation of the Model for Optimized Nanoemulsions Containing Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
3.5. Stability Evaluation of the Optimized Nanoemulsion of Passiflora edulis var. edulis
3.6. Evaluation of the Emollient Effect of the Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis and Its Optimized Nanoemulsion
3.6.1. Transepidermal Water Loss
3.6.2. Skin Moisturizing
3.6.3. Skin Viscoelasticity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Injection Volume | 1.0 µL |
---|---|
Injection split | 10:1 |
Capillary Column | Thermo Scientific ™TRACE™ TR1 30 m × 0.25 mm |
Film thickness | 0.25 µm |
Injection port temperature | 220 ° C |
Carrier gas | Helium (≥99.9% purity) |
Flow rate | 1.0 mL/min |
Initial oven temperature | 180 °C (15 min) |
Rate of increase of temperature of the furnace | 0.5 °C/min |
Final temperature of the oven | 193 °C (43 min) |
Independent Variables | Codes | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 (−α) | 0 | 1 (+α) | ||
Power (W) | A | 70 | 80 | 90 |
Time (min) | B | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Water (%) | C | 70 | 80 | 90 |
Oil: Surfactant ratio | D | 1 | 2 | 3 |
DAY 1 | DAY 7 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % PEO | % S | % W | PEO:S | Droplet Size (nm) | PDI | ζ Potential (mV) | Droplet Size (nm) | PDI | ζ Potential (mV) |
1 | 4 | 8 | 88 | 1:02 | 56.72 ± 0.6988 | 0.357 ± 0.0017 | −29.10 ± 0.6798 | 60.87 ± 0.5719 | 0.471 ± 0.0033 | −21.8 ± 0.3091 |
2 | 4 | 12 | 84 | 1:03 | 41.59 ± 0.3229 | 0.366 ± 0.0024 | −17.40 ± 1.2657 | 42.01 ± 0.7450 | 0.532 ± 0.0266 | −20.6 ± 0.3741 |
3 | 4 | 16 | 80 | 1:04 | 46.60 ± 1.5248 | 0.592 ± 0.0925 | −38.00 ± 2.2691 | 37.81 ± 0.9338 | 0.581 ± 0.0252 | −16.2 ± 0.6847 |
4 | 4 | 20 | 76 | 1:05 | 85.66 ± 0.6907 | 0.087 ± 0.0128 | −32.60 ± 1.1085 | 86.04 ± 1.1880 | 0.092 ± 0.0176 | −17.1 ± 0.1577 |
5 | 4 | 24 | 72 | 1:06 | 88.79 ± 0.6150 | 0.103 ± 0.0164 | −39.00 ± 0.0471 | 89.31 ± 0.5897 | 0.081 ± 0.0107 | −19.9 ± 06128 |
6 | 8 | 4 | 88 | 2:01 | 171.10 ± 1.7795 | 0.219 ± 0.0046 | −31.40 ± 1.1430 | 166.00 ± 1.7795 | 0.222 ± 0.0046 | −36.8 ± 0.2494 |
7 | 8 | 8 | 84 | 1:01 | 106.10 ± 1.0625 | 0.224 ± 0.0237 | −37.80 ± 0.5734 | 106.00 ± 1.0625 | 0.228 ± 0.0237 | −42.1 ± 0.5734 |
8 | 8 | 12 | 80 | 2:03 | 83.26 ± 1.3258 | 0.292 ± 0.0024 | −33.10 ± 1.5195 | 90.80 ± 1.0581 | 0.322 ± 0.0005 | −28.9 ± 0.3500 |
9 | 8 | 16 | 76 | 1:02 | 59.72 ± 1.8150 | 0.354 ± 0.0305 | −29.60 ± 0.3681 | 61.19 ± 0.4648 | 0.486 ± 0.0065 | −26.2 ± 1.1953 |
10 | 8 | 20 | 72 | 2:05 | 64.34 ± 1.7478 | 0.688 ± 0.0384 | −20.70 ± 1.4884 | 56.66 ± 1.1153 | 0.432 ± 0.1970 | −22.5 ± 2.1275 |
11 | 8 | 24 | 68 | 1:03 | 34.47 ± 0.1078 | 0.256 ± 0.0034 | −21.20 ± 1.3735 | 33.98 ± 1.7598 | 0.447 ± 0.0400 | −20.7 ± 1.5412 |
12 | 12 | 4 | 84 | 3:01 | 195.50 ± 2.2106 | 0.232 ± 0.0094 | −42.90 ± 0.4320 | 189.50 ± 2.5850 | 0.223 ± 0.0041 | −37.4 ± 0.6480 |
13 | 12 | 8 | 80 | 3:02 | 133.50 ± 0.1886 | 0.178 ± 0.0078 | −33.20 ± 0.7788 | 139.00 ± 1.4055 | 0.186 ± 0.0025 | −32.8 ± 0.8060 |
14 | 12 | 12 | 76 | 1:01 | 136.90 ± 1.7745 | 0.201 ± 0.0092 | −29.80 ± 0.8259 | 135.30 ± 1.8673 | 0.176 ± 0.0096 | −36.3 ± 0.8055 |
15 | 12 | 16 | 72 | 3:04 | 81.97 ± 0.5107 | 0.218 ± 0.0045 | −28.80 ± 1.4522 | 84.00 ± 1.0138 | 0.252 ± 0.0016 | −26.6 ± 1.3021 |
16 | 12 | 20 | 68 | 3:05 | 72.95 ± 1.6562 | 0.275 ± 0.0059 | −23.90 ± 1.2027 | 73.84 ± 0.9060 | 0.303 ± 0.0031 | −26.9 ± 0.4921 |
17 | 12 | 24 | 64 | 1:02 | 52.68 ± 0.2423 | 0.26 ± 0.0014 | −18.40 ± 0.6847 | 55.27 ± 1.1875 | 0.458 ± 0.0290 | −22.4 ± 1.0873 |
18 | 16 | 4 | 80 | 4:01 | 219.00 ± 2.0532 | 0.239 ± 0.0071 | −41.90 ± 0.6164 | 305.00 ± 1.7259 | 0.447 ± 0.0076 | −44.4 ± 0.6480 |
19 | 16 | 8 | 76 | 2:01 | 165.40 ± 2.0072 | 0.208 ± 0.0198 | −38.00 ± 1.4337 | 162.30 ± 1.8457 | 0.215 ± 0.0041 | −43.9 ± 0.6128 |
20 | 16 | 12 | 72 | 4:03 | 169.40 ± 1.4166 | 0.251 ± 0.0082 | −35.00 ± 1.2027 | 168.90 ± 0.9978 | 0.258 ± 0.0107 | −40.3 ± 0.0816 |
21 | 16 | 16 | 68 | 1:01 | 131.00 ± 1.9754 | 0.239 ± 0.0128 | −30.50 ± 0.6531 | 127.0 ± 1.1614 | 0.211 ± 0.0118 | −32.5 ± 0.9285 |
22 | 20 | 4 | 76 | 5:01 | 281.70 ± 1.8642 | 0.377 ± 0.0052 | −47.60 ± 0.7845 | 272.6 ± 0.4643 | 0.375 ± 0.0135 | −46.2 ± 1.3767 |
23 | 20 | 8 | 72 | 5:02 | 202.50 ± 1.0652 | 0.254 ± 0.0043 | −29.70 ± 0.1885 | 184.1 ± 2.5223 | 0.21 ± 0.0133 | −36.8 ± 0.0816 |
24 | 20 | 12 | 68 | 5:03 | 166.90 ± 1.9431 | 0.236 ± 0.0054 | −30.70 ± 1.4429 | 156.4 ± 1.6438 | 0.202 ± 0.0048 | −32.5 ± 0.4109 |
Independent Variables. | Response Variables | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | W (%) | PEO:S | Power (W) | Time (m) | Droplet Size (nm) | PDI | Potential ζ (mV) | p-Anisidine Value |
1 | 70 | 3:01 | 80 | 5 | 197.6 ± 2.6281 | 0.212 ± 0.0135 | 39.90 ± 0.2625 | 5.2187 ± 0.2730 |
2 | 80 | 3:01 | 90 | 5 | 195.5 ± 1.4384 | 0.224 ± 0.0111 | 37.20 ± 0.3266 | 5.3447 ± 0.1274 |
3 | 90 | 2:01 | 90 | 5 | 167.1 ± 1.9816 | 0.207 ± 0.0065 | 39.10 ± 0.4190 | 4.7094 ± 1.1095 |
4 | 90 | 2:01 | 70 | 5 | 175.0 ± 1.1431 | 0.238 ± 0.0034 | 39.50 ± 0.5793 | 5.7191 ± 0.0152 |
5 | 90 | 1:01 | 80 | 5 | 108.5 ± 1.1441 | 0.236 ± 0.0019 | 38.20 ± 0.7483 | 5.9547 ± 0.4382 |
6 | 70 | 1:01 | 80 | 5 | 122.9 ± 1.3474 | 0.184 ± 0.0123 | 32.80 ± 1.2832 | 6.4179 ± 0.2582 |
7 | 70 | 2:02 | 80 | 4 | 168.2 ± 2.7797 | 0.198 ± 0.0061 | 37.70 ± 0.2055 | 6.0636 ± 0.7051 |
8 | 90 | 2:02 | 80 | 4 | 183.7 ± 2.5747 | 0.224 ± 0.0043 | 39.80 ± 0.1414 | 6.6534 ± 0.5350 |
9 | 80 | 2:02 | 80 | 5 | 161.4 ± 0.5907 | 0.198 ± 0.0082 | 38.20 ± 0.4320 | 5.8233 ± 0.0495 |
10 | 80 | 1:01 | 70 | 5 | 132.9 ± 1.6990 | 0.233 ± 0.0033 | 37.70 ± 0.6481 | 6.2062 ± 0.1885 |
11 | 70 | 2:02 | 70 | 5 | 205.1 ± 2.2485 | 0.265 ± 0.0090 | 39.60 ± 0.5354 | 7.9133 ± 0.0339 |
12 | 80 | 2:02 | 70 | 6 | 170.1 ± 1.8779 | 0.225 ± 0.0123 | 38.30 ± 1.0614 | 7.5773 ± 0.0131 |
13 | 80 | 2:02 | 80 | 5 | 167.3 ± 1.2257 | 0.210 ± 0.0012 | 36.00 ± 1.0965 | 7.5622 ± 0.5468 |
14 | 80 | 2:02 | 80 | 5 | 166.1 ± 1.5297 | 0.203 ± 0.0140 | 37.80 ± 0.6377 | 6.0865 ± 0.3119 |
15 | 80 | 1:01 | 90 | 5 | 107.2 ± 1.2356 | 0.218 ± 0.0050 | 36.70 ± 0.5437 | 5.1968 ± 0.2999 |
16 | 80 | 3:01 | 80 | 6 | 193.3 ± 0.9463 | 0.212 ± 0.0074 | 36.90 ± 0.0943 | 5.7673 ± 0.3119 |
17 | 90 | 2:02 | 80 | 6 | 168.9 ± 1.3199 | 0.215 ± 0.0037 | 36.50 ± 0.5558 | 6.8725 ± 0.2999 |
18 | 80 | 3:03 | 80 | 4 | 285.3 ± 2.0237 | 0.431 ± 0.0062 | 46.60 ± 0.3300 | 4.5363 ± 1.5573 |
19 | 80 | 2:01 | 90 | 6 | 178.3 ± 2.4536 | 0.241 ± 0.0070 | 35.90 ± 0.4922 | 4.9296 ± 0.2981 |
20 | 90 | 3:01 | 80 | 5 | 170.8 ± 0.8042 | 0.224 ± 0.043 | 47.40 ± 1.0403 | 5.5833 ± 0.1280 |
21 | 70 | 2:01 | 80 | 6 | 164.3 ± 0.8731 | 0.180 ± 0.0142 | 35.00 ± 0.6848 | 6.0818 ± 1.0589 |
22 | 80 | 1:01 | 80 | 4 | 177.0 ± 3.0137 | 0.369 ± 0.0347 | 40.90 ± 2.2196 | 6.4257 ± 0.6207 |
23 | 80 | 1:01 | 80 | 6 | 117.4 ± 0.4320 | 0.227 ± 0.0127 | 38.40 ± 1.8625 | 6.3627 ± 0.5862 |
24 | 70 | 2:01 | 90 | 5 | 166.4 ± 1.9224 | 0.188 ± 0.0053 | 35.50 ± 0.2625 | 6.9292 ± 0.7144 |
25 | 80 | 3:01 | 70 | 5 | 197.5 ± 0.4082 | 0.245 ± 0.0070 | 38.50 ± 0.6481 | 6.3500 ± 0.5181 |
26 | 80 | 2:01 | 70 | 4 | 177.0 ± 2.3156 | 0.251 ± 0.0029 | 41.90 ± 1.1086 | 5.3320 ± 0.8545 |
27 | 80 | 2:01 | 90 | 4 | 279.1 ± 2.1417 | 0.351 ± 0.0151 | 38.40 ± 1.7250 | 4.5409 ± 0.8396 |
Variable | Drop Size | PDI | Potential ζ | p-Anisidine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F Value | p Value | F Value | p Value | F Value | p Value | F Value | p Value | ||
Linear terms | A | 12.28 | 0.008 | 8.84 | 0.025 | 12.63 | 0.007 | 6.08 | 0.03 |
B | 147.23 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.819 | 25.77 | 0.001 | 1.79 | 0.206 | |
C | 11.17 | 0.010 | 35.24 | 0.001 | 3.55 | 0.096 | 1.07 | 0.32 | |
D | 335.93 | 0.000 | 2.58 | 0.159 | 1.42 | 0.267 | 1.55 | 0.237 | |
Quadratic terms | A2 | 7.92 | 0.023 | 15.35 | 0.008 | 5.28 | 0.051 | 0.84 | 0.376 |
B2 | 104.77 | 0.000 | 1.12 | 0.331 | 0.01 | 0.916 | 0.62 | 0.446 | |
C2 | 0.23 | 0.644 | 0.75 | 0.420 | 0.07 | 0.799 | 0.04 | 0.848 | |
D2 | 20.02 | 0.002 | 7.54 | 0.033 | 1.96 | 0.199 | 1.90 | 0.194 | |
Terms of interactions | AB | 5.14 | 0.053 | 8.79 | 0.025 | 0.28 | 0.608 | 1.13 | 0.308 |
AC | 4.25 | 0.073 | 0.29 | 0.608 | 3.21 | 0.111 | 0.00 | 0.989 | |
AD | 2.52 | 0.151 | 0.16 | 0.702 | 0.02 | 0.888 | 0.00 | 0.998 | |
BC | 3.55 | 0.096 | 0.00 | 0.973 | 0.08 | 0.779 | 0.01 | 0.910 | |
BD | 4.71 | 0.062 | 3.95 | 0.094 | 4.89 | 0.058 | 0.55 | 0.472 | |
CD | 0.69 | 0.430 | 7.15 | 0.037 | 6.32 | 0.036 | 0.23 | 0.644 |
Response Variable | Predicted Value | Experimental Value | Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Drop Size (nm) | 130.00 | 130.33 ± 0.858 | 0.25 |
PDI | 0.200 | 0.202 ± 0.015 | 0.80 |
Potential ζ | * 30.00 | −30.40 ± 0.829 | 1.33 |
p-anisidine | 6.00 | 5.44 ± 0.235 | 9.33 |
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Guzmán, C.; Rojas, M.A.; Aragón, M. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification of Emollient Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis. Cosmetics 2021, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010001
Guzmán C, Rojas MA, Aragón M. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification of Emollient Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis. Cosmetics. 2021; 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzmán, Caterine, Maritza Adelina Rojas, and Marcela Aragón. 2021. "Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification of Emollient Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis" Cosmetics 8, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010001