Characterization of Commercial Eye Shadows with Emphasis on Heavy Metal Exposure Risks to Human Health
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Equipment
2.2. Eye Shadows
2.3. UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis of Eye Shadows
2.4. ATR-FTIR Analysis of Eye Shadows
2.5. Morphological and Elemental Analysis of Eye Shadow by SEM-EDS
2.6. Heavy Metal Determination in Eye Shadows
2.7. Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Analyses
2.8. Health Risk Assessment
2.8.1. Margin of Safety (MoS)
2.8.2. Hazard Quotient (HQ)
2.8.3. Hazard Index (HI)
2.8.4. Lifetime Cancer Risk
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Analysis
3.2. ATR-FTIR Analysis
3.3. SEM Analysis
3.4. EDS Analysis
3.5. Heavy Metals in Eye Shadow
3.5.1. Univariate Analysis
Aluminum
Barium
Boron
Copper
Chromium
Iron
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
Vanadium
Zinc
3.5.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.6. Multivariate Analysis
3.7. Health Risk Analysis
3.7.1. Systemic Exposure Dose
3.7.2. Margin of Safety
3.7.3. Hazard Quotient
3.7.4. Hazard Index
3.7.5. Cancer Risk Assessment
3.7.6. Limitations of the Study
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | Amount of eye shadow applied |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
ATR-FTIR | Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
BF | Bioaccessibility factor |
BW | Body weight |
Cs | Metal concentration |
EDS | Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy |
EU | European Union |
F | Frequency of eye shadow application |
HCA | Hierarchical cluster analysis |
HI | Hazard index |
HQ | Hazard quotient |
HT25 | Human equivalent animal dose (T25) |
LCR | Lifetime cancer risk |
LCR′ | Long-term relevant daily systemic exposure dose |
MF | Modifying factor |
MoS | Margin of safety |
NOAEL | Exposure Level where no adverse effect is observed |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
PCC | Pearson correlation coefficient |
PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene |
RF | Retention factor |
RfD | Reference dermal dose |
SED | Systemic exposure dose |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
SF | Carcinogenicity slope factor |
SSA | Skin surface on which the eye shadow is applied |
T25 | Dose that caused cancer in 25% of the animals tested |
UF | Uncertainty factor |
USFDA | United States Food and Drug Administration |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Element | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 | M8 | M9 | M10 | M11 | M12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 2403 ± 2.78 | 8267 ± 7.98 | 14,800 ± 9.76 | 4533 ± 5.02 | 31,333 ± 17.89 | 10,633 ± 8.99 | 28,000 ± 15.15 | 4933 ± 4.89 | 2393 ± 0.19 | 28,333 ± 13.75 | 4033 ± 3.74 | 24,800 ± 12.29 |
Ba | 5.03 ± 0.07 | 29.17 ± 0.45 | 47.67 ± 1.39 | 4567 ± 6.24 | 338 ± 1.58 | 105.3 ± 1.25 | 279.0 ± 1.97 | 1113 ± 4.25 | 328 ± 3.15 | 258 ± 2.45 | 3360 ± 6.78 | 1823 ± 6.35 |
B | ND | ND | 138.7 ± 1.19 | ND | ND | 48.33 ± 1.09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cu | 12.43 ± 0.62 | 16.90 ± 0.98 | 44.67 ± 0.74 | 12.73 ± 0.97 | 17.30 ± 0.78 | 17.43 ± 0.86 | 12.20 ± 0.12 | 17 ± 0.21 | 18.87 ± 0.68 | 14.77 ± 0.78 | 16.47 ± 0.67 | 11.60 ± 0.73 |
Cr | 2.47 ± 0.09 | 6.23 ± 0.29 | 10.87 ± 0.32 | 154.7 ± 1.12 | 2.17 ± 0.06 | 5.80 ± 0.18 | 7.73 ± 0.21 | 5.87 ± 0.16 | 3.60 ± 0.05 | 10.27 ± 0.38 | 6.50 ± 0.22 | 4.50 ± 0.08 |
Fe | 15,533 ± 9.79 | 21,400 ± 10.15 | 97,667 ± 8.76 | 3567 ± 4.19 | 2457 ± 3.19 | 9900 ± 8.99 | 18,833 ± 13.19 | 1390 ± 2.29 | 4033.3 ± 4.09 | 15,300 ± 9.89 | 28,833 ± 14.87 | 4167 ± 3.17 |
Mn | 35.97 ± 1.75 | 41.30 ± 2.39 | 64.67 ± 2.84 | 7133 ± 8.75 | 38.43 ± 1.97 | 30.40 ± 1.12 | 76.67 ± 2.15 | 139.7 ± 1.79 | 99.67 ± 2.19 | 85.33 ± 1.97 | 29.03 ± 1.09 | 183.3 ± 1.54 |
Ni | 2.57 ± 0.04 | 1.83 ± 0.05 | 4.17 ± 0.09 | ND | 1.53 ± 0.08 | 3.10 ± 0.05 | 3.77 ± 0.05 | 2.40 ± 0.07 | 2.67 ± 0.04 | 4.73 ± 0.06 | 3.10 ± 0.03 | 1.83 ± 0.04 |
Pb | 2.27 ± 0.08 | 40.83 ± 1.05 | 6.10 ± 0.24 | 1063 ± 6.86 | 80 ± 1.09 | 4.47 ± 0.04 | 6.23 ± 0.08 | 4.73 ± 0.04 | 4.13 ± 0.05 | 3.73 ± 0.06 | 2.30 ± 0.04 | 8.17 ± 0.49 |
V | 3.77 ± 0.07 | ND | 2.16 ± 0.06 | ND | 2.83 ± 0.09 | 4.70 ± 0.07 | 10.63 ± 0.12 | ND | ND | 10.13 ± 0.16 | 4.83 ± 0.07 | 2.70 ± 0.04 |
Zn | 640 ± 2.19 | 56 ± 0.94 | 41.67 ± 0.62 | 41 ± 0.98 | 39 ± 0.86 | 46 ± 0.87 | 42.33 ± 0.68 | 80 ± 0.97 | 230 ± 1.09 | 27 ± 0.77 | 26.33 ± 0.79 | 156.7 ± 0.16 |
Element | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 | M8 | M9 | M10 | M11 | M12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 3.30 × 10−3 | 1.13 × 10−2 | 2.03 × 10−2 | 6.22 × 10−3 | 4.30 × 10−2 | 1.46 × 10−2 | 3.84 × 10−2 | 6.77 × 10−3 | 3.28 × 10−2 | 3.89 × 10−2 | 5.53 × 10−3 | 3.40 × 10−2 |
Ba | 6.90 × 10−6 | 4.00 × 10−5 | 6.54 × 10−5 | 6.26 × 10−3 | 4.64 × 10−4 | 1.44 × 10−4 | 3.83 × 10−4 | 1.53 × 10−3 | 4.50 × 10−3 | 3.54 × 10−4 | 4.61 × 10−3 | 2.50 × 10−3 |
B | - | - | 1.90 × 10−4 | - | - | 6.63 × 10−5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 1.71 × 10−5 | 2.32 × 10-5 | 6.13 × 10−5 | 1.75 × 10−5 | 2.37 × 10−5 | 2.39 × 10−5 | 1.67 × 10−5 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 2.59 × 10−4 | 2.03 × 10−5 | 2.26 × 10−5 | 1.59 × 10−5 |
Cr | 3.38 × 10−6 | 8.55 × 10−6 | 1.49 × 10−5 | 2.12 × 10−4 | 2.97 × 10−6 | 7.95 × 10−6 | 1.06 × 10−5 | 8.05 × 10−6 | 4.94 × 10−5 | 1.41 × 10−5 | 8.91 × 10−6 | 6.17 × 10−6 |
Fe | 2.13 × 10−2 | 2.93 × 10−2 | 1.34 × 10−1 | 4.89 × 10−3 | 3.37 × 10−3 | 1.36 × 10−2 | 2.58 × 10−2 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 5.53 × 10−2 | 2.10 × 10−2 | 3.95 × 10−2 | 5.71 × 10−3 |
Mn | 4.93 × 10−5 | 5.66 × 10−5 | 8.87 × 10−5 | 9.78 × 10−3 | 5.27 × 10−5 | 4.17 × 10−5 | 1.05 × 10−4 | 1.92 × 10−4 | 1.37 × 10−3 | 1.17 × 10−4 | 3.98 × 10−5 | 2.51 × 10−4 |
Ni | 3.52 × 10−6 | 2.51 × 10−6 | 5.71 × 10−6 | - | 2.10 × 10−6 | 4.25 × 10−6 | 5.17 × 10−6 | 3.29 × 10−6 | 3.66 × 10−5 | 6.49 × 10−6 | 4.25 × 10−6 | 2.51 × 10−6 |
Pb | 3.11 × 10−6 | 5.60 × 10−5 | 8.37 × 10−6 | 1.46 × 10−3 | 1.10 × 10−4 | 6.13 × 10−6 | 8.55 × 10−6 | 6.49 × 10−6 | 5.67 × 10−5 | 5.12 × 10−6 | 3.16 × 10−6 | 1.12 × 10−5 |
V | 5.17 × 10−6 | - | 2.97 × 10−6 | - | 3.89 × 10−6 | 6.45 × 10−6 | 1.46 × 10−5 | - | - | 1.39 × 10−5 | 6.63 × 10−6 | 3.70 × 10−6 |
Zn | 8.78 × 10−4 | 7.68 × 10−5 | 5.71 × 10−5 | 5.62 × 10−5 | 5.30 × 10−5 | 6.31 × 10−5 | 5.81 × 10−5 | 1.10 × 10−4 | 3.15 × 10−3 | 3.70 × 10−5 | 3.61 × 10−5 | 2.15 × 10−4 |
50% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 1.65 × 10−2 | 5.67 × 10−2 | 1.01 × 10−1 | 3.11 × 10−2 | 2.15 × 10−1 | 7.29 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−1 | 3.38 × 10−2 | 1.64 × 10−2 | 1.94 × 10−1 | 2.77 × 10−2 | 1.70 × 10−1 |
Ba | 3.45 × 10−5 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 3.27 × 10−4 | 3.13 × 10−2 | 2.32 × 10−3 | 7.22 × 10−4 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 7.63 × 10−3 | 2.25 × 10−3 | 1.77 × 10−3 | 2.30 × 10−2 | 1.25 × 10−2 |
B | - | - | 9.51 × 10−4 | - | - | 3.31 × 10−4 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 8.53 × 10−5 | 1.16 × 10−4 | 3.06 × 10−4 | 8.73 × 10−5 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 1.20 × 10−4 | 8.37 × 10−5 | 1.17 × 10−4 | 1.29 × 10−4 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 1.13 × 10−4 | 7.95 × 10−5 |
Cr | 1.69 × 10−5 | 4.27 × 10−5 | 7.45 × 10−5 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 1.49 × 10−5 | 3.98 × 10−5 | 5.30 × 10−5 | 4.02 × 10−5 | 2.47 × 10−5 | 7.04 × 10−5 | 4.46 × 10−5 | 3.09 × 10−5 |
Fe | 1.07 × 10−1 | 1.47 × 10−1 | 6.70 × 10−1 | 2.45 × 10−2 | 1.68 × 10−2 | 6.79 × 10−2 | 1.29 × 10−1 | 9.53 × 10−3 | 2.77 × 10−2 | 1.05 × 10−1 | 1.98 × 10−1 | 2.86 × 10−2 |
Mn | 2.47 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 4.43 × 10−4 | 4.89 × 10−2 | 2.64 × 10−4 | 2.08 × 10−4 | 5.26 × 10−4 | 9.58 × 10−4 | 6.83 × 10−4 | 5.85 × 10−4 | 1.99 × 10−4 | 1.26 × 10−3 |
Ni | 1.76 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−5 | 2.86 × 10−5 | - | 1.05 × 10−5 | 2.13 × 10−5 | 2.58 × 10−5 | 1.65 × 10−5 | 1.83 × 10−5 | 3.25 × 10−5 | 2.13 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−5 |
Pb | 1.55 × 10−5 | 2.80 × 10−4 | 4.18 × 10−5 | 7.29 × 10−3 | 5.49 × 10−4 | 3.06 × 10−5 | 4.27 × 10−5 | 3.25 × 10−5 | 2.83 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−5 | 1.58 × 10−5 | 5.60 × 10−5 |
V | 2.58 × 10−5 | - | 1.48 × 10−5 | - | 1.94 × 10−5 | 3.22 × 10−5 | 7.29 × 10−5 | - | - | 6.95 × 10−5 | 3.31 × 10−5 | 1.85 × 10−5 |
Zn | 4.39 × 10−3 | 3.84 × 10−4 | 2.86 × 10−4 | 2.81 × 10−4 | 2.65 × 10−4 | 3.15 × 10−4 | 2.90 × 10−4 | 5.49 × 10−4 | 1.58 × 10−3 | 1.85 × 10−4 | 1.81 × 10−4 | 1.07 × 10−3 |
Element | MoS | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 | M8 | M9 | M10 | M11 | M12 | |
10% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 3.03 × 104 | 8.82 × 103 | 4.93 × 103 | 1.61 × 104 | 2.33 × 103 | 6.86 × 103 | 2.60 × 103 | 1.48 × 104 | 3.05 × 103 | 2.57 × 103 | 1.81 × 104 | 2.94 × 103 |
Ba | 2.03 × 108 | 3.50 × 107 | 2.14 × 107 | 2.24 × 105 | 3.02 × 106 | 9.69 × 106 | 3.66 × 106 | 9.17 × 105 | 3.11 × 105 | 3.96 × 106 | 3.04 × 105 | 5.60 × 105 |
B | - | - | 1.05 × 105 | - | - | 3.02 × 105 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 2.35 × 105 | 1.73 × 105 | 6.53 × 104 | 2.29 × 105 | 1.69 × 105 | 1.67 × 105 | 2.39 × 105 | 1.72 × 105 | 1.55 × 104 | 1.98 × 105 | 1.77 × 105 | 2.51 × 105 |
Cr | 4.43 × 105 | 1.75 × 105 | 1.01 × 105 | 7.07 × 103 | 5.05 × 105 | 1.89 × 105 | 1.41 × 105 | 1.86 × 105 | 3.04 × 104 | 1.07 × 105 | 1.68 × 105 | 2.43 × 105 |
Fe | 3.29 × 105 | 2.39 × 105 | 5.23 × 104 | 1.43 × 106 | 2.08 × 106 | 5.16 × 105 | 2.71 × 105 | 3.67 × 106 | 1.27 × 105 | 3.34 × 105 | 1.77 × 105 | 1.23 × 106 |
Mn | 3.73 × 103 | 3.25 × 103 | 2.07 × 103 | 1.88 × 101 | 3.49 × 103 | 4.41 × 103 | 1.75 × 103 | 9.61 × 102 | 1.35 × 102 | 1.57 × 103 | 4.62 × 103 | 7.32 × 102 |
Ni | 1.53 × 105 | 2.15 × 105 | 9.45 × 104 | - | 2.57 × 105 | 1.27 × 105 | 1.05 × 105 | 1.64 × 105 | 1.48 × 104 | 8.32 × 104 | 1.27 × 105 | 2.15 × 105 |
Pb | 1.35 × 107 | 7.50 × 105 | 5.02 × 106 | 2.88 × 104 | 3.83 × 105 | 6.86 × 106 | 4.91 × 106 | 6.47 × 106 | 7.41 × 105 | 8.20 × 106 | 1.33 × 107 | 3.75 × 106 |
V | 1.36 × 105 | - | 2.36 × 105 | - | 1.80 × 105 | 1.09 × 105 | 4.80 × 104 | - | - | 5.04 × 104 | 1.06 × 105 | 1.89 × 105 |
Zn | 3.42 × 106 | 3.91 × 107 | 5.25 × 107 | 5.34 × 107 | 5.66 × 107 | 4.76 × 107 | 5.17 × 107 | 2.73 × 107 | 9.51 × 105 | 8.10 × 107 | 8.31 × 107 | 1.40 × 107 |
50% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 6.07 × 103 | 1.76 × 103 | 9.85 × 102 | 3.22 × 103 | 4.65 × 102 | 1.37 × 103 | 5.21 × 102 | 2.96 × 103 | 6.09 × 103 | 5.15 × 102 | 3.62 × 103 | 5.88 × 102 |
Ba | 4.06 × 107 | 7.00 × 106 | 4.28 × 106 | 4.47 × 104 | 6.03 × 105 | 1.94 × 106 | 7.32 × 105 | 1.83 × 105 | 6.22 × 105 | 7.91 × 105 | 6.08 × 104 | 1.12 × 105 |
B | - | - | 2.10 × 104 | - | - | 6.03 × 104 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 4.69 × 104 | 3.45 × 104 | 1.31 × 104 | 4.58 × 104 | 3.37 × 104 | 3.35 × 104 | 4.78 × 104 | 3.43 × 104 | 3.09 × 104 | 3.95 × 104 | 3.54 × 104 | 5.03 × 104 |
Cr | 8.87 × 104 | 3.51 × 104 | 2.01 × 104 | 1.41 × 103 | 1.01 × 105 | 3.77 × 104 | 2.83 × 104 | 3.73 × 104 | 6.08 × 104 | 2.13 × 104 | 3.37 × 104 | 4.86 × 104 |
Fe | 6.57 × 104 | 4.77 × 104 | 1.05 × 104 | 2.86 × 105 | 4.16 × 105 | 1.03 × 105 | 5.42 × 104 | 7.34 × 105 | 2.53 × 105 | 6.67 × 104 | 3.54 × 104 | 2.45 × 105 |
Mn | 7.46 × 102 | 6.50 × 102 | 4.15 × 102 | 3.76 × 100 | 6.98 × 102 | 8.83 × 102 | 3.50 × 102 | 1.92 × 102 | 2.69 × 102 | 3.14 × 102 | 9.24 × 102 | 1.46 × 102 |
Ni | 3.07 × 104 | 4.30 × 104 | 1.89 × 104 | - | 5.14 × 104 | 2.54 × 104 | 2.09 × 104 | 3.28 × 104 | 2.95 × 104 | 1.66 × 104 | 2.54 × 104 | 4.30 × 104 |
Pb | 2.70 × 106 | 1.50 × 105 | 1.00 × 106 | 5.76 × 103 | 7.66 × 104 | 1.37 × 106 | 9.83 × 105 | 1.29 × 106 | 1.48 × 106 | 1.64 × 106 | 2.66 × 106 | 7.50 × 105 |
V | 2.71 × 104 | - | 4.72 × 104 | - | 3.60 × 104 | 2.17 × 104 | 9.60 × 103 | - | - | 1.01 × 104 | 2.11 × 104 | 3.78 × 104 |
Zn | 6.84 × 105 | 7.81 × 106 | 1.05 × 107 | 1.07 × 107 | 1.13 × 107 | 9.51 × 106 | 1.03 × 107 | 5.47 × 106 | 1.90 × 106 | 1.62 × 107 | 1.66 × 107 | 2.79 × 106 |
Element | HQ | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 | M8 | M9 | M10 | M11 | M12 | |
10% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 3.30 × 10−3 | 1.13 × 10−2 | 2.03 × 10−2 | 6.22 × 10−3 | 4.30 × 10−2 | 1.46 × 10−2 | 3.84 × 10−2 | 6.77 × 10−3 | 3.28 × 10−2 | 3.89 × 10−2 | 5.53 × 10−3 | 3.40 × 10−2 |
Ba | 4.93 × 10−7 | 2.86 × 10−6 | 4.67 × 10−6 | 4.47 × 10−4 | 3.31 × 10−5 | 1.03 × 10−5 | 2.73 × 10−5 | 1.09 × 10−4 | 3.21 × 10−4 | 2.53 × 10−5 | 3.29 × 10−4 | 1.79 × 10−4 |
B | - | - | 9.51 × 10−4 | - | - | 3.31 × 10−4 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 4.26 × 10−4 | 5.79 × 10−4 | 1.53 × 10−3 | 4.37 × 10−4 | 5.93 × 10−4 | 5.98 × 10−4 | 4.18 × 10−4 | 5.83 × 10−4 | 6.47 × 10−3 | 5.06 × 10−4 | 5.65 × 10−4 | 3.98 × 10−4 |
Cr | 2.26 × 10−4 | 5.70 × 10−4 | 9.94 × 10−4 | 1.41 × 10−2 | 1.98 × 10−4 | 5.30 × 10−4 | 7.07 × 10−4 | 5.36 × 10−4 | 3.29 × 10−3 | 9.39 × 10−4 | 5.94 × 10−4 | 4.11 × 10−4 |
Fe | 3.04 × 10−4 | 4.19 × 10−4 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 6.99 × 10−5 | 4.81 × 10−5 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 3.69 × 10−4 | 2.72 × 10−5 | 7.90 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 5.65 × 10−4 | 8.16 × 10−5 |
Mn | 2.68 × 10−2 | 3.08 × 10−2 | 4.82 × 10−2 | 5.32 × 100 | 2.86 × 10−2 | 2.27 × 10−2 | 5.71 × 10−2 | 1.04 × 10−1 | 7.43 × 10−1 | 6.36 × 10−2 | 2.16 × 10−2 | 1.37 × 10−1 |
Ni | 6.52 × 10−4 | 4.66 × 10−4 | 1.06 × 10−3 | - | 3.89 × 10−4 | 7.87 × 10−4 | 9.57 × 10−4 | 6.10 × 10−4 | 6.77 × 10−3 | 1.20 × 10−3 | 7.87 × 10−4 | 4.66 × 10−4 |
Pb | 7.40 × 10−6 | 1.33 × 10−4 | 1.99 × 10−5 | 3.47 × 10−3 | 2.61 × 10−4 | 1.46 × 10−5 | 2.04 × 10−5 | 1.55 × 10−5 | 1.35 × 10−4 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 7.52 × 10−6 | 2.67 × 10−5 |
V | 7.38 × 10−4 | - | 4.24 × 10−4 | - | 5.55 × 10−4 | 9.21 × 10−4 | 2.08 × 10−3 | - | - | 1.99 × 10−3 | 9.47 × 10−4 | 5.29 × 10−4 |
Zn | 2.93 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−6 | 1.90 × 10−6 | 1.87 × 10−6 | 1.77 × 10−6 | 2.10 × 10−6 | 1.94 × 10−6 | 3.66 × 10−6 | 1.05 × 10−4 | 1.23 × 10−6 | 1.20 × 10−6 | 7.16 × 10−6 |
50% Bioaccessibility | ||||||||||||
Al | 1.65 × 10−2 | 5.67 × 10−2 | 1.01 × 10−1 | 3.11 × 10−2 | 2.15 × 10−1 | 7.29 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−1 | 3.38 × 10−2 | 1.64 × 10−2 | 1.94 × 10−1 | 2.77 × 10−2 | 1.70 × 10−1 |
Ba | 2.47 × 10−6 | 1.43 × 10−5 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 2.24 × 10−3 | 1.66 × 10−4 | 5.16 × 10−5 | 1.37 × 10−4 | 5.45 × 10−4 | 1.61 × 10−4 | 1.26 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 8.93 × 10−4 |
B | - | - | 4.75 × 10−3 | - | - | 1.66 × 10−3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cu | 2.13 × 10−3 | 2.90 × 10−3 | 7.66 × 10−3 | 2.18 × 10−3 | 2.97 × 10−3 | 2.99 × 10−3 | 2.09 × 10−3 | 2.91 × 10−3 | 3.23 × 10−3 | 2.53 × 10−3 | 2.82 × 10−3 | 1.99 × 10−3 |
Cr | 1.13 × 10−3 | 2.85 × 10−3 | 4.97 × 10−3 | 7.07 × 10−2 | 9.90 × 10−4 | 2.65 × 10−3 | 3.54 × 10−3 | 2.68 × 10−3 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 4.69 × 10−3 | 2.97 × 10−3 | 2.06 × 10−3 |
Fe | 1.52 × 10−3 | 2.10 × 10−3 | 9.57 × 10−3 | 3.49 × 10−4 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 9.70 × 10−4 | 1.84 × 10−3 | 1.36 × 10−4 | 3.95 × 10−4 | 1.50 × 10−3 | 2.82 × 10−3 | 4.08 × 10−4 |
Mn | 1.34 × 10−1 | 1.54 × 10−1 | 2.41 × 10−1 | 2.66 × 100 | 1.43 × 10−1 | 1.13 × 10−1 | 2.86 × 10−1 | 5.20 × 10−1 | 3.71 × 10−1 | 3.18 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−1 | 6.83 × 10−1 |
Ni | 3.26 × 10−3 | 2.33 × 10−3 | 5.29 × 10−3 | - | 1.95 × 10−3 | 3.94 × 10−3 | 4.78 × 10−3 | 3.05 × 10−3 | 3.39 × 10−3 | 6.01 × 10−3 | 3.94 × 10−3 | 2.33 × 10−3 |
Pb | 3.70 × 10−5 | 6.67 × 10−4 | 9.96 × 10−5 | 1.74 × 10−2 | 1.31 × 10−3 | 7.29 × 10−5 | 1.02 × 10−4 | 7.73 × 10−5 | 6.75 × 10−5 | 6.10 × 10−5 | 3.76 × 10−5 | 1.33 × 10−4 |
V | 3.69 × 10−3 | - | 2.12 × 10−3 | - | 2.78 × 10−3 | 4.60 × 10−3 | 1.04 × 10−2 | - | - | 9.93 × 10−3 | 4.73 × 10−3 | 2.64 × 10−3 |
Zn | 1.46 × 10−4 | 1.28 × 10−5 | 9.52 × 10−6 | 9.37 × 10−6 | 8.84 × 10−6 | 1.05 × 10−5 | 9.68 × 10−6 | 1.83 × 10−5 | 5.26 × 10−5 | 6.17 × 10−6 | 6.02 × 10−6 | 3.58 × 10−5 |
Eye Shadow | HI (BF = 10%) | HI (BF = 50%) |
---|---|---|
M1 | 3.25 × 10−2 | 1.62 × 10−1 |
M2 | 4.43 × 10−2 | 2.21 × 10−1 |
M3 | 7.54 × 10−2 | 3.77 × 10−1 |
M4 | 5.34 × 100 | 2.67 × 101 |
M5 | 7.37 × 10−2 | 3.68 × 10−1 |
M6 | 4.06 × 10−2 | 2.03 × 10−1 |
M7 | 1.001 × 10−1 | 5.01 × 10−1 |
M8 | 1.13 × 10−1 | 5.64 × 10−1 |
M9 | 7.94 × 10−1 | 3.97 × 10−1 |
M10 | 1.07 × 10−1 | 5.37 × 10−1 |
M11 | 3.10 × 10−2 | 1.55 × 10−1 |
M12 | 1.73 × 10−1 | 8.64 × 10−1 |
Eye Shadow | Al | Cu | Cr | Ni | Pb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | |
M1 | 4.61 × 10−6 | 2.31 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−5 | 1.28 × 10−4 | 1.69 × 10−6 | 8.46 × 10−6 | 3.20 × 10−6 | 1.60 × 10−5 | 2.64 × 10−8 | 1.32 × 10−7 |
M2 | 1.59 × 10−5 | 7.94 × 10−5 | 3.48 × 10−5 | 1.74 × 10−4 | 4.27 × 10−6 | 2.14 × 10−5 | 2.29 × 10−6 | 1.14 × 10−5 | 4.76 × 10−7 | 2.38 × 10−6 |
M3 | 2.84 × 10−5 | 1.42 × 10−4 | 9.19 × 10−5 | 4.59 × 10−4 | 7.45 × 10−6 | 3.73 × 10−5 | 5.20 × 10−6 | 2.60 × 10−5 | 7.11 × 10−8 | 3.56 × 10−7 |
M4 | 8.70 × 10−6 | 4.35 × 10−5 | 2.62 × 10−5 | 1.31 × 10−4 | 1.06 × 10−4 | 5.30 × 10−4 | - | - | 1.24 × 10−5 | 6.20 × 10−5 |
M5 | 6.02 × 10−5 | 3.01 × 10−4 | 3.56 × 10−5 | 1.78 × 10−4 | 1.49 × 10−6 | 7.43 × 10−6 | 1.91 × 10−6 | 9.57 × 10−6 | 9.33 × 10−7 | 4.66 × 10−6 |
M6 | 2.04 × 10−5 | 1.02 × 10−4 | 3.59 × 10−5 | 1.7 9 × 10−4 | 3.98 × 10−6 | 1.99 × 10−5 | 3.87 × 10−6 | 1.93 × 10−5 | 5.21 × 10−8 | 2.60 × 10−7 |
M7 | 5.38 × 10−5 | 2.69 × 10−4 | 2.51 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 10−4 | 5.30 × 10−6 | 2.65 × 10−5 | 4.70 × 10−6 | 2.35 × 10−5 | 7.27 × 10−8 | 3.63 × 10−7 |
M8 | 9.47 × 10−6 | 4.74 × 10−5 | 3.50 × 10−5 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 4.02 × 10−6 | 2.01 × 10−5 | 3.00 × 10−6 | 1.50 × 10−5 | 5.52 × 10−8 | 2.76 × 10−7 |
M9 | 4.60 × 10−5 | 2.30 × 10−5 | 3.88 × 10−4 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 2.47 × 10−5 | 1.23 × 10−5 | 3.33 × 10−5 | 1.66 × 10−5 | 4.82 × 10−7 | 2.41 × 10−7 |
M10 | 5.44 × 10−5 | 2.72 × 10−4 | 3.04 × 10−5 | 1.52 × 10−4 | 7.04 × 10−6 | 3.52 × 10−5 | 5.91 × 10−6 | 2.95 × 10−5 | 4.35 × 10−8 | 2.18 × 10−7 |
M11 | 7.74 × 10−6 | 3.87 × 10−5 | 3.39 × 10−5 | 1.69 × 10−4 | 4.46 × 10−6 | 2.23 × 10−5 | 3.87 × 10−6 | 1.93 × 10−5 | 2.69 × 10−8 | 1.34 × 10−7 |
M12 | 4.76 × 10−5 | 2.38 × 10−4 | 2.39 × 10−5 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−6 | 1.54 × 10−5 | 2.29 × 10−6 | 1.14 × 10−5 | 9.52 × 10−8 | 4.76 × 10−7 |
Eye Shadow | Cr | Ni | Pb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | BF = 10% | BF = 50% | |
M1 | 7.95 × 10−5 | 3.98 × 10−4 | 7.04 × 10−5 | 3.52 × 10−4 | 7.44 × 10−8 | 3.72 × 10−7 |
M2 | 2.01 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 5.03 × 10−5 | 2.51 × 10−4 | 1.34 × 10−6 | 6.70 × 10−6 |
M3 | 3.50 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−4 | 5.72 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−7 | 1.00 × 10−6 |
M4 | 4.99 × 10−3 | 2.49 × 10−2 | - | - | 3.49 × 10−5 | 1.74 × 10−4 |
M5 | 6.98 × 10−5 | 3.49 × 10−4 | 4.21 × 10−5 | 2.10 × 10−4 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.31 × 10−5 |
M6 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 9.35 × 10−4 | 8.50 × 10−5 | 4.25 × 10−4 | 1.47 × 10−7 | 7.33 × 10−7 |
M7 | 2.49 × 10−4 | 1.25 × 10−3 | 1.03 × 10−4 | 5.17 × 10−4 | 2.05 × 10−7 | 1.02 × 10−6 |
M8 | 1.89 × 10−4 | 9.46 × 10−4 | 6.58 × 10−5 | 3.29 × 10−4 | 1.55 × 10−7 | 7.76 × 10−7 |
M9 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 5.80 × 10−4 | 7.32 × 10−4 | 3.66 × 10−4 | 1.36 × 10−6 | 6.78 × 10−7 |
M10 | 3.31 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 1.30 × 10−4 | 6.49 × 10−4 | 1.22 × 10−7 | 6.12 × 10−7 |
M11 | 2.10 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−3 | 8.50 × 10−5 | 4.25 × 10−4 | 7.56 × 10−8 | 3.78 × 10−7 |
M12 | 1.45 × 10−4 | 7.25 × 10−4 | 5.03 × 10−5 | 2.51 × 10−4 | 2.68 × 10−7 | 1.34 × 10−6 |
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Alvarez-Gonzales, R.L.; Yufra-Illanes, E.E.; Villanueva-Salas, J.A.; Choquenaira-Quispe, C.; Corzo-Salas-De-Valdivia, A.; Malpartida-Quispe, F.M.; Gonzales-Condori, E.G. Characterization of Commercial Eye Shadows with Emphasis on Heavy Metal Exposure Risks to Human Health. Cosmetics 2025, 12, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12050185
Alvarez-Gonzales RL, Yufra-Illanes EE, Villanueva-Salas JA, Choquenaira-Quispe C, Corzo-Salas-De-Valdivia A, Malpartida-Quispe FM, Gonzales-Condori EG. Characterization of Commercial Eye Shadows with Emphasis on Heavy Metal Exposure Risks to Human Health. Cosmetics. 2025; 12(5):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12050185
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlvarez-Gonzales, Rosa L., Elizabeth E. Yufra-Illanes, José A. Villanueva-Salas, Celia Choquenaira-Quispe, Angélica Corzo-Salas-De-Valdivia, Federico M. Malpartida-Quispe, and Elvis G. Gonzales-Condori. 2025. "Characterization of Commercial Eye Shadows with Emphasis on Heavy Metal Exposure Risks to Human Health" Cosmetics 12, no. 5: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12050185
APA StyleAlvarez-Gonzales, R. L., Yufra-Illanes, E. E., Villanueva-Salas, J. A., Choquenaira-Quispe, C., Corzo-Salas-De-Valdivia, A., Malpartida-Quispe, F. M., & Gonzales-Condori, E. G. (2025). Characterization of Commercial Eye Shadows with Emphasis on Heavy Metal Exposure Risks to Human Health. Cosmetics, 12(5), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12050185