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Review

Revolutionizing Cosmetic Ingredients: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants, Probiotics, Plant Extracts, and Peptides in Personal and Skin Care Products

by
Hye Yung Choi
1,
Yun Jung Lee
1,2,
Chul Min Kim
3,* and
Young-Mi Lee
1,2,*
1
Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
2
Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, College of Pharmacy Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cosmetics 2024, 11(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050157
Submission received: 16 July 2024 / Revised: 23 August 2024 / Accepted: 4 September 2024 / Published: 12 September 2024
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Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The burgeoning interest in natural components in personal care products has led to significant research and development of ingredients such as plant extracts, antioxidants, peptides, and probiotics. These components have been recognized for their potential to enhance skin health through various mechanisms, addressing consumer demand for products that are both effective and benign. Plant extracts, known for their rich composition of bioactive compounds, offer a myriad of benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them invaluable in skin care formulations. Antioxidants, derived from both plants and other natural sources, play a pivotal role in protecting the skin from oxidative damage, thereby preventing premature aging and promoting skin vitality. Bioactive peptides have garnered attention owing to their multifunctional activities that include promoting collagen synthesis, inhibiting enzymes responsible for skin degradation, and reducing inflammation, thereby contributing to skin regeneration and anti-aging. Probiotics have expanded their utility beyond gut health to skin care, where they help in maintaining skin microbiome balance, thus enhancing skin barrier function and potentially mitigating various skin disorders. The purpose of this review is to explore the individual roles of plant extracts, antioxidants, peptides, and probiotics in personal care products, while emphasizing their synergistic effects when combined. By integrating these natural components, this paper aims to highlight the potential for developing innovative skincare formulations that not only address specific skin concerns but also contribute to overall skin health, aligning with the increasing consumer preference for natural and holistic skincare solutions.

1. Introduction

The cosmetics and skincare industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, with the global market estimated to reach USD 736 billion by 2028 [1,2]. This growth has been driven by a variety of factors, including the increasing demand for natural ingredients, the impact of globalization on emerging markets such as China, Korea, and India, and the offshoring of production units to cost-effective Asian economies [3,4,5]. The industry has also been influenced by changing consumer attitudes and the rise of new distribution channels such as online retailing [4]. The definition of cosmetics in Asia, the European Union, and North America is consistent with the FDA’s definition, which emphasizes the intended use of the product for beautifying, promoting attractiveness, altering appearance, or cleansing [6]. However, the use of these products, particularly those containing hazardous chemicals, can have potential health implications [6]. Research has highlighted the potential of natural extracts, probiotics, vitamins, and peptides in cosmetics. Bioactive compounds are isolated mainly from plants (Figure 1). Bioactive peptides in particular have been identified as beneficial ingredients due to their antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [7]. The use of natural ingredients in cosmetics is further supported by the potential of bioactive peptides to enhance skin health and provide protective and therapeutic functions [8]. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the development of cosmetic products, focusing particularly on the integration of natural extracts, probiotics, vitamins, and bioactive peptides. The inclusion of these ingredients is driven by their demonstrated benefits in enhancing skin health and providing protective and therapeutic functions. Specifically, bioactive peptides have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted properties, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. By examining the latest research and developments in these areas, this review will highlight the potential of these natural ingredients to revolutionize cosmetic formulations.

2. Natural Extracts

Research has consistently demonstrated the potential of natural extracts in personal and skin care products. Extracts from flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots have been shown to be effective in various cosmetic applications [9,10]. Plant extracts exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Additionally, they possess moisturizing, anti-aging, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regenerative, wound healing, and photoprotective effects (Table 1) [11]. Consumer demand for natural products in skin care is high due to their efficacy, mildness, and biodegradability. These findings collectively support the incorporation of natural extracts in personal and skin care products for their beneficial properties and consumer appeal [12].
The application of phytochemicals in skincare and personal care products leverages the potent antioxidant properties of compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin-3-gallate, derived from green tea [14]. These antioxidants are highly valued for their anti-aging and skin-soothing capabilities. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation, they play a crucial role in combating oxidative stress and enhancing the health and appearance of the skin [14].
Chamazulene, obtained from chamomile oil, is distinguished by its calming and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal ingredient for sensitive and irritated skin [17,19,70,71]. Similarly, flavonoids like luteolin, rutin, and apigenin are recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing effects [11,16,66]. These phytochemicals provide comprehensive benefits, including environmental protection and improved skin resilience, thereby showcasing the multifaceted utility of plant-derived components in skincare. Components found in licorice root extract, such as glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin, are celebrated for their skin-soothing and brightening properties [31]. They address issues like hyperpigmentation and enhance the overall appearance of the skin, highlighting the therapeutic potential of licorice root in dermatological contexts [31,72,73]. Furthermore, moisturizing agents like mucilages and betaine, along with sterols such as stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, offer hydration and improve skin condition [31,72,73]. These ingredients contribute to the maintenance of skin barrier integrity and health. Curcumin, dimethoxycurcumin, and bisdimethoxycurcumin from turmeric are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [54,55,74]. These compounds are effective in reducing inflammation and protecting the skin from oxidative damage, which is crucial for preventing premature aging and maintaining skin vitality [52,54,55,57,74,75,76]. Moreover, rosemary extract components, including carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid, serve as powerful antioxidants that protect against free radical damage, supporting the skin’s defense against environmental aggressors for a healthier, more youthful complexion [58,60,61].
The inclusion of phytochemicals in skincare formulations underscores the symbiotic relationship between plant-derived compounds and skin health. By utilizing these phytochemicals, skincare products can address a wide array of concerns, ranging from hydration and soothing to anti-aging and brightening. As ongoing research continues to reveal their multifunctional benefits, the role of these ingredients in dermatological applications is expected to grow, further solidifying their importance in skincare and personal care products.

3. Peptides

Research on peptides in personal care products has highlighted their potential benefits, including anti-aging, skin hydration, and wound healing (Table 2 and Figure 2) [77]. Studies have highlighted the effectiveness of a unique blend of peptides, collagen, elastin proteins, hyaluronic acid, and vitamin C in diminishing wrinkles and enhancing skin elasticity. This combination is pointed out as a significant advancement in skincare, offering a potent solution for aging skin concerns. Furthermore, peptides have emerged as a cornerstone in the advancement of skincare formulations, offering targeted benefits for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging.
Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production, thereby enhancing skin firmness and reducing the appearance of fine lines [78,80]. Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Matrixyl) works synergistically with palmitoyl tripeptide-1 to reduce inflammation and promote skin repair, making it a popular choice in anti-aging creams [78,81,90]. Acetyl hexapeptide-8 (Argireline), often referred to as “Botox in a bottle”, mimics the effects of botulinum toxin by inhibiting neurotransmitter release, thus preventing muscle contractions that lead to wrinkles. This peptide is widely used in serums aimed at reducing expression lines [82,83,84]. Copper peptides are renowned for their wound healing properties and ability to stimulate collagen and elastin production [85]. They also possess antioxidant properties, making them a versatile ingredient in various anti-aging and skin-repair products [85,86]. Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl 3000) and palmitoyl tripeptide-38 (Matrixyl Synthe’6) are advanced peptides that target multiple aspects of skin aging, including reducing wrinkle depth, improving skin texture, and enhancing overall skin tone. These peptides are frequently found in high-end anti-aging creams and serums [87,88]. Acetyl tetrapeptide-5 is effective in reducing puffiness and dark circles under the eyes, making it a common ingredient in eye creams [81,89].
These peptides are incorporated into various skincare products such as serums, creams, and eye treatments, providing targeted solutions for aging skin, enhancing skin elasticity, and promoting a youthful appearance. Their inclusion in skincare formulations underscores the importance of peptides in modern dermatology and cosmetic science. There is a critical need for personal care ingredients to be both biocompatible and environmentally friendly. Amino acids and peptides have been identified as holding great potential for future research and development within the skincare industry, suggesting a shift towards more sustainable and skin-friendly formulations [91,92].

4. Antioxidants

Antioxidants serve as crucial preservatives in cosmetic products by preventing the oxidation of lipids, which helps maintain product integrity and extend shelf life. They achieve this protective effect through various mechanisms: acting as reducing agents, scavenging oxygen, working synergistically with other ingredients, and chelating metal ions that can catalyze oxidative reactions. In addition to preserving product quality, antioxidants have gained attention for their potential skin benefits [93]. Recent advancements have seen the development of antioxidant-rich formulations aimed at shielding the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution, which can accelerate aging and damage skin cells (Table 3 and Figure 3) [94,95,96]. These formulations leverage the ability of antioxidants to neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health, making them a valuable component in both skincare and cosmetic products. The inclusion of antioxidants in cosmetics not only enhances product performance but also offers therapeutic benefits, addressing consumer demand for products that support skin wellness while delivering esthetic results [93,97].
Studies have highlighted the benefits of antioxidants in skin and hair care, emphasizing their role in protecting against oxidative stress and aging. Vitamin E and selenium are particularly noted for their protective effects [168]. Antioxidants can be ingested or applied topically, with research showing the efficacy of antioxidant-containing cosmetic products. A combination of lycopene, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid is suggested to help maintain healthy skin and hair, underscoring the importance of antioxidants in preventing damage and promoting overall health [77,96,168].

5. Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms that offer health benefits, and they are increasingly being used in personal care products [169]. Probiotics have been found to be beneficial for a range of clinical diseases including skin disorders, suggesting their potential in personal care products (Table 4) [170]. The use of probiotics in personal care products is supported by their ability to improve intestinal health, enhance the immune system, and reduce the risk of certain diseases [171].
Probiotics, traditionally recognized for their benefits to the gastrointestinal (GI) system, have recently garnered attention for their potential dermatological applications [127,169]. Emerging evidence suggests that orally ingested probiotics can positively affect skin health through mechanisms initiated in the gut, primarily by modulating systemic immune responses, including specific T-cells and Toll-like receptors [170,171,190]. This interaction has been particularly noted in conditions like atopic dermatitis and eczema, which have been the focus of numerous studies. For instance, the oral administration of Lactobacillus species has shown effectiveness in managing inflammation, although results vary among infants and young children [184,197,198]. In cases of psoriasis where dysbiosis is linked to skin inflammation, probiotics have been proposed to restore the balance of resident microbes [169]. Additionally, probiotics may offer other skin benefits, such as healing burns and scars, rejuvenating skin tissues, protecting against ultraviolet rays, and enhancing the skin’s innate immunity [104,170,180,196].
The personal care industry has begun to incorporate probiotics as bioactive ingredients in various products, ranging from topical applications like lotions and serums to ingestible items like probiotic drinks. Lactobacillus is the most frequently listed genus, alongside other components like probiotic enzymes, ferment lysates, and bacterial metabolites such as lactic acid and hyaluronic acid [199]. Despite these promising developments, the beneficial effects of topically applied probiotics remain largely circumstantial. Proposed mechanisms include improved barrier function of the epithelium and competitive exclusion of pathogens [8,45,193]. However, maintaining the viability of probiotics in cosmetic formulations presents significant technical challenges, particularly due to the complex nature of cosmetic products and the inclusion of preservatives to prevent microbial growth. The current FDA guidelines limit viable microorganisms in cosmetics to low levels, making it difficult for such products to exert significant probiotic effects [200]. To address these issues, some cosmetic companies are exploring the use of probiotic-derived bioactive molecules or metabolites instead of live microorganisms. These novel technologies leverage fermentation-based proteins, filtrates, and lysates, which may offer beauty benefits without the presence of live bacteria [201,202,203]. The application of probiotics in dermatology holds great promise, but scientific evidence remains limited. Collaborative efforts between researchers, industries, and regulatory bodiesss are essential to advance this field and validate the potential benefits of probiotics in skincare.

6. Recent Advances in Skincare and Personal Care

Advancements in skincare are increasingly focused on integrating topical and dietary solutions to enhance skin health and protection. Combining antioxidants, probiotics, and essential nutrients aims to improve skin resilience and repair while shielding it from environmental damage. The integration of peptides, antioxidants, and probiotics, alongside vitamins and natural extracts, represents a cutting-edge strategy in the realm of skincare and personal care. Baldi et al. (2023) summarized commercially available combinations of plant extracts, peptides, and antioxidants and their effects on skin conditioning [204]. The collaborative action of these components can be highly effective in enhancing skin health and esthetics. Peptides play a pivotal role in addressing a myriad of skin concerns, including sustaining skin elasticity and hydration and aiding in wound healing. Specifically, peptides are instrumental in stimulating collagen production, diminishing fine lines and wrinkles, and enhancing skin firmness. A mixture containing collagen peptides, acerola fruit extract, vitamin C, zinc, biotin, and a vitamin E complex was administered. This resulted in enhanced skin hydration, improved elasticity, reduced wrinkles, and increased skin density [205]. Antioxidants are key in neutralizing free radicals, mitigating skin inflammation, and safeguarding the skin against environmental aggressors, thus decelerating the aging process of the skin. Probiotics, known for their gastrointestinal benefits, have also shown promise in bolstering skin health by improving gut health and fortifying the immune system. This, in turn, has implications for skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Vitamins and natural extracts furnish the skin with essential nutrients, boasting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that promote overall skin well-being. By amalgamating these ingredients, a holistic method emerges to protect, mend, and rejuvenate the skin. For instance, merging probiotics with peptides could enhance the skin’s barrier function and mitigate inflammation. A combination of marine collagen peptides and plant-derived antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10, grape-skin extract, luteolin, and selenium improved skin properties without increasing oxidative stress [206]. The inclusion of antioxidants and vitamins provides a shield against environmental stressors and fosters healthy cell regeneration. Topical antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, carotenoids, resveratrol, and pycnogenol, can be combined with dietary supplementation of these antioxidant compounds in addition to probiotics and essential minerals to protect skin against outdoor stressor-induced damage [207]. Natural extracts contribute additional anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits, which are crucial for preventing and addressing skin problems. Combinations of probiotics and plant extracts are a promising way to deliver active compounds efficiently and improve their availability and activity [208]. Green tea extracts fermented with L. rhamnosus (GBW36), L. plantarum (GBW47), and S. cerevisiae (GBW53) showed increased FRAP, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, collagenase inhibition (MMP-1 and MMP-2), and antimicrobial activity, along with increased antioxidant compounds [209]. Moreover, the fermentation of A. koreanum extract using Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium was found to inhibit the senescence phenotype of skin fibroblasts [210]. The combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Curcuma longa rhizome extract has demonstrated synergistic antibacterial effects against C. acnes. This suggests that this synbiotic pairing holds promise for therapeutic applications in cosmetics or medical treatments targeting C. acnes [211]. Significant reductions in acne lesions, along with modulation of skin biophysical properties and a decrease in sebum excretion rate, were observed with the use of a supplement composed of various Bacillus species strains [212] and a mixture of nanoscale elemental selenium, including selenium nanoparticles and Lactobacillus rhamnosus biomass, which both exhibit significant free radical scavenging activity. Lactobacullius ferment is widely used in cosmetic products in combination with Bifidobacterium lysate, yeast extract, hyaluronic acid, soy extracts, and fruit extracts such as pomegranate to make commercial creams, lotions, and serums which can improve the skin condition by improving skin hydration, reducing skin inflammation, and increasing the strength of the skin barrier [213,214]. The Bifidobacterium longum lysate possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Topical applications of Lactobacillus salivary LS01 and Bifidobacterium brevis BR03 can also be used to treat rosacea [215]. The combination of Bifidobacterium IDCC 4201 and L. plantarum IDCC 3501 demonstrated an anti-tyrosinase effect, leading to a reduction in melanin synthesis. Additionally, it influenced the expression of proteins associated with the melanin formation pathway [216]. The cream, with an SPF of 29.77, has optimal physiochemical and viscoelastic properties for topical use. Histopathology and Draize tests confirmed that the product is non-toxic to the skin [217]. Hyaluronic acid can serve as a carrier for delivering active compounds, including antioxidants and growth factors, directly to the targeted area. This combination enhances the wound healing process by improving the local delivery of these beneficial agents [218]. Some cosmetic products contain hyaluronic acid or hyaluronates alongside other active ingredients like botanical extracts, vitamins, probiotics, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. These combinations improve the formulation’s quality and efficacy, providing additional benefits and claims for the products [219].
In summary, the fusion of peptides, antioxidants, probiotics, vitamins, and natural extracts presents a highly promising avenue for advancing skin health and appearance. This multifaceted approach is poised to drive innovation in skincare, offering consumers more effective and sustainable product options.

7. Discussion

The rapid growth of the cosmetics and skincare industry, driven by increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients and innovative formulations, has brought significant advancements to the forefront of dermatological science. Among these innovations, peptides, antioxidants, and probiotics stand out for their multifaceted benefits and potential to revolutionize skincare products. Peptides have emerged as powerful agents in anti-aging and skin rejuvenation. Specific peptides such as palmitoyl tripeptide-1 and palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 stimulate collagen production, enhance skin firmness, and reduce inflammation. Others, like acetyl hexapeptide-8, offer Botox-like effects by inhibiting muscle contractions that cause wrinkles. Copper peptides are celebrated for their wound-healing properties and ability to stimulate collagen and elastin production. The incorporation of these peptides in skincare products addresses multiple signs of aging, from reducing wrinkle depth to improving skin texture and elasticity. Antioxidants play a critical role in both preserving cosmetic formulations and protecting the skin from environmental damage. They prevent the oxidation of lipids, thus maintaining product integrity, and offer skin benefits by neutralizing free radicals, reducing inflammation, and shielding against UV radiation and pollution. Key antioxidants like vitamin E, selenium, lycopene, and ascorbic acid are integral in formulations aimed at promoting overall skin health and combating oxidative stress.
Probiotics, traditionally known for their gastrointestinal benefits, have found promising applications in skincare. They help restore the balance of skin microbiota, particularly in conditions like psoriasis, and offer other benefits such as healing burns, rejuvenating tissues, and enhancing skin immunity. However, the viability of live probiotics in formulations presents challenges, leading to the exploration of probiotic-derived bioactive molecules as a viable alternative.
The integration of these advanced ingredients not only enhances the efficacy of skincare products but also aligns with the growing consumer preference for natural and scientifically backed solutions. Collaborative efforts in research and development, coupled with regulatory support, are essential to fully realize the potential of peptides, antioxidants, and probiotics in skincare, promising a future of innovative and effective dermatological care.

8. Conclusions

The future of cosmetic and medical products appears promising due to significant advancements integrating probiotics, plant extracts, and innovative fermentation techniques. These combinations have proven highly effective in delivering active compounds efficiently, enhancing their availability and activity through synergistic effects. The interplay between these ingredients often results in formulations that provide benefits greater than the sum of their individual components. This development has led to products offering increased antioxidant properties, better protection against environmental damage, and improved anti-aging benefits. By inhibiting cellular aging processes and providing robust antibacterial effects, these synergistic formulations hold great potential for treating skin conditions like acne and reducing signs of aging. Additionally, innovations in sunscreen technology are resulting in multifunctional products that not only protect against UV radiation but also offer enhanced antioxidant and anti-aging benefits. The inclusion of a wide range of active ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid, vitamins, peptides, and proteins, further amplifies the synergistic effects, enhancing the effectiveness and appeal of these products. These advancements suggest a future where personalized skincare solutions cater to individual needs, offering comprehensive care and superior results. The developments are set to transform the cosmetic and medical industries, providing consumers with more effective, natural, and multifunctional products.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: H.Y.C., C.M.K. and Y.-M.L.; investigation: H.Y.C. and Y.J.L.; data curation: C.M.K.; writing—original draft preparation: H.Y.C.; writing—review and editing: C.M.K.; supervision: C.M.K. and Y.-M.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Wonkwang University 2022 (Y.-M.L.).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Cosmetics 11 00157 g001
Figure 1. Bioactive compounds in personal care products. Skin and hair care products contain a range of bioactive compounds including antioxidants, anti-inflammatories and neuromodulators. Some compounds are plant-specific (e.g., Nimbidin, Aloin and Curcumin) and others are available in many sources.
Figure 1. Bioactive compounds in personal care products. Skin and hair care products contain a range of bioactive compounds including antioxidants, anti-inflammatories and neuromodulators. Some compounds are plant-specific (e.g., Nimbidin, Aloin and Curcumin) and others are available in many sources.
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Figure 2. Peptides used in skincare products.
Figure 2. Peptides used in skincare products.
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Figure 3. Molecular structure of antioxidant compounds used in personal care products.
Figure 3. Molecular structure of antioxidant compounds used in personal care products.
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Table 1. Natural extracts and their cosmetological applications.
Table 1. Natural extracts and their cosmetological applications.
Extract EffectPrimary Active IngredientsReferences
Green Tea ExtractAntioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-inflammatory, slimming, hair-strengthening, photoprotective and sealing blood vessels propertiesEpigallocatechin-3-gallate and epicatechin-3-gallate[13,14]
Chamomile ExtractAnti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant activity, skin-soothing effects, anti-microbial properties,
moisturizing and hydrating, skin lightening, and wound healing		Bisoprolol, matricin, and chamazulene, luteolin, rutin, and apigenin, hydroxycoumarins, and mucilages[15,16,17,18,19,20]
Aloe Vera ExtractAnti-inflammatory, antiseptic and
antimicrobial, anti-tumor, photoprotective, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and wound healing		Chromone and its glycoside derivatives, anthraquinone and its glycoside derivatives, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and coumarins, phenylpyrone and phenol derivatives, and phytosterol[21,22,23,24]
Calendula ExtractWound healing and for soothing inflamed and damaged skinTerpenoids and terpenes (mainly bisabolol, faradiol, chamazulene, arnidiol and esters), carotenoids (mainly with rubixanthin and lycopene structures), flavonoids (mainly quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol aglycones), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly calendic acid)[25,26,27]
Licorice ExtractWound healing, protects the skin against oxidative stress injuries, accelerates wound epithelization, ameliorates remodeling at the wound site, and efficiently reduce the symptoms of atopic dermatitisGlycyrrhizin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, amines (asparagine, betaine, and choline), and sterols (stigmasterol and β-sitosterol)[28,29,30,31]
Ginseng ExtractWhitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-agingGinsenosides, gintonin, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and Triterpenoids[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]
Coconut OilMoisturizing, soothing the skin, anti-inflammatory, skin protective benefits, and antimicrobial propertiesLauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), and palmitic (16:0) acids, gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, sterols, and phospholipids[40,41,42,43,44,45,46]
Arnica ExtractAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects, reduces wrinkles, and creates a more youthful appearance 6-O-methacryloylhelenalin and 6-O-isobutyrylhelenalin, kaempferol, p-coumaric, caffeoylquinic, and dicaffeolyquinic acid[47,48,49]
Cucumber ExtractTreating inflammation under the eyes, sunburn, reducing hyperpigmentation, face cleaning, removal of freckles, and whiteningCucurbitacins, cucumegastigmanes I and II, cucumerin A and B, vitexin, orientin, isoscoparin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, and apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroylglucoside)[47,48,49,50,51]
Turmeric ExtractTreating photoaging, inflammation, hair loss, lip care, psoriasis, ultraviolet (UV) toxicity, treating vitiligo, photodamage, and skin rejuvenationCurcumin, dimethoxycurcumin, and bisdimethoxycurcumin [52,53,54,55,56,57]
Rosemary ExtractDandruff, skin diseases, inhibit skin tumorigenesis, and skin conditioningCarnosol, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and micromeric acid[58,59,60,61,62]
Cannabis extractTreatment of acne, allergic contact dermatitis, melanoma, psoriasis, anti-aging, photoprotective, and skin hydrationEssential fatty acids (linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid and γ-linoleic acid), tocopherols, flavonoids, terpenes, etc.[63,64,65]
Neem ExtractSkin-soothing, melanogenesis inhibition, treating acne, psoriasis, eczema, mycosis, warts, prevent dermatitis, and anti-agingNimbidin, nimbin, β-sitosterol, 6-desacetylnimbinene, nimbinone, nimbolicin, nimbidiol, nimbione, margocin, etc.[66,67,68,69]
Table 2. Synthetic peptides and skincare.
Table 2. Synthetic peptides and skincare.
PeptidesFunctionMechanismReferences
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1Anti-aging and conditioning of sensitive skinStimulates collagen production in the skin[78,79,80,81]
Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Matrixyl)Anti-aging Reduces inflammation and increases collagen production[78,81]
Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline)Anti-wrinkle Inhibits neurotransmission[81,82,83,84]
Copper PeptidesAnti-aging, anti-wrinkle, and anti-pigmentationIncreases antioxidant activity, stimulates collagen production, improves wound contraction and epithelization[85,86]
Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl 3000)Anti-aging and anti-wrinkle Increases collagen production[87,88]
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 (Matrixyl Synthe’6)Anti-agingIncreases dermal and epidermal collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid production[79,80]
Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5Anti-aging and skin protection, increases hydroxyproline and elastin contentsAntioxidant [81,89]
Table 3. Antioxidants and their application in skincare.
Table 3. Antioxidants and their application in skincare.
AntioxidantsFunction References
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)Reduces hyperpigmentation, stimulation of collagen formation, wound healing, acts as an anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkle[98,99,100,101,102]
Tocopherol (Vitamin E)Treatment for atopic dermatitis, anti-photoaging, skin dryness treatment products, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer[103,104,105]
ResveratrolWound healing, anti-aging, anti-pigmentation, anti-photoaging, treating dermatitis, and skin cancer[106,107,108,109]
Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)Anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective[110,111,112,113,114]
Ferulic AcidAnti-aging, photoprotective, and wound healing[76,115,116]
Alpha-Lipoic AcidAnti-nanomaterial-induced toxicity, anti-aging, and anti-wrinkle [117,118,119,120]
GlutathioneSkin whitening [94,121,122,123,124,125]
Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)Treatment of cancer, blistering disorders, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, wound healing, pigmentation disorders, skin brightening, anti-aging properties, skin barrier protection, and skin regeneration[126,127,128,129,130,131,132]
Retinol (Vitamin A)Anti-aging, anti-photodamage, anti-wrinkle, and wound healing[133,134,135,136,137,138]
LycopeneMaintain skin integrity, treating AD, moisturize skin, anti-aging, and photoprotective [139,140,141,142]
Beta-CarotenePhotoprotective, moisturizing, and protects skin integrity[143,144,145,146,147,148,149]
Caffeic AcidAnti-photoaging, anti-photodamage, and promotes collagen production[150,151,152,153,154]
Ellagic AcidAnti-aging, photoprotection, and skin lightening[95,155,156,157,158]
QuercetinPhotoprotection and anti-aging[55,68,159,160]
AstaxanthinPhotoprotective, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, skin hydration, wound healing, anti-cancer properties, and anti-eczema effects[161,162,163,164,165,166,167]
Table 4. Probiotics in skin and hair care.
Table 4. Probiotics in skin and hair care.
ProbioticsEffectsMechanismReferences
Lactobacillus acidophilusUVB protection, improving mineral balance and possible antidepressive effect, promotes hair growth, skin moisturization, anti-photoaging, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effectIncreases mineral absorption in the gut, improves skin barrier, inhibits cleavage of collagen, antioxidant activity[172,173,174,175]
Lactobacillus rhamnosusAnti-photoaging, treatment of eczematous lesions, accelerates skin wound closure and reduces scarring, preserves skin integrity, and treats psoriasis Reduces macrophage activity, improves angiogenesis, modulation of the gut microbiota, improves skin barrier, antioxidant activity[172,174,176,177,178,179]
Lactobacillus plantarumImproves skin and gut health, protection from photodamage, and treats skin woundsAntibacterial and antifungal activity, increases antioxidant activity of plant extracts, regulates gut and skin microbiome[180,181,182,183,184]
Lactobacillus fermentumSkin hydration, improves atopic dermatitis, and reduces photoagingSkin–gut axis modulation, regulates mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities[185,186,187,188,189,190]
Lactobacillus caseiSkin condition improvement and treatment of atopic dermatitisIncreased levels of isoflavone absorption, modulates gut microbiota, immune regulation, anti-microbial activity[191,192,193]
Bifidobacterium sp.Skin condition improvement, strengthens the skin barrier, and treats atopic dermatitis Anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity[181,191,194,195,196]
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Choi, H.Y.; Lee, Y.J.; Kim, C.M.; Lee, Y.-M. Revolutionizing Cosmetic Ingredients: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants, Probiotics, Plant Extracts, and Peptides in Personal and Skin Care Products. Cosmetics 2024, 11, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050157

AMA Style

Choi HY, Lee YJ, Kim CM, Lee Y-M. Revolutionizing Cosmetic Ingredients: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants, Probiotics, Plant Extracts, and Peptides in Personal and Skin Care Products. Cosmetics. 2024; 11(5):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050157

Chicago/Turabian Style

Choi, Hye Yung, Yun Jung Lee, Chul Min Kim, and Young-Mi Lee. 2024. "Revolutionizing Cosmetic Ingredients: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants, Probiotics, Plant Extracts, and Peptides in Personal and Skin Care Products" Cosmetics 11, no. 5: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050157

APA Style

Choi, H. Y., Lee, Y. J., Kim, C. M., & Lee, Y. -M. (2024). Revolutionizing Cosmetic Ingredients: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants, Probiotics, Plant Extracts, and Peptides in Personal and Skin Care Products. Cosmetics, 11(5), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050157

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