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Volume 14
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10.3390/resources14070107
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Article

Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials

by
Anna Alfocea-Roig
,
David Vera-Rivera
,
Sergio Huete-Hernández
,
Jessica Giro-Paloma
* and
Joan Formosa Mitjans
*
Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Resources 2025, 14(7), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107
Submission received: 20 May 2025 / Revised: 21 June 2025 / Accepted: 26 June 2025 / Published: 29 June 2025
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Abstract

Currently, the cement industry stands as one of the sectors with the most significant environmental impact, primarily due to its substantial greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. To mitigate this impact, a roadmap has been followed in recent years, outlining a set of objectives aimed at diminishing the environmental footprint of the construction industry. This research focuses on the development of mortars with different water/cement ratios employing an alternative cement, specifically magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) formulated with secondary sources. The goal of this research relays in developing mortars based on MPC by using waste from the metallurgical industry, named tundish deskulling waste (TUN), as an MgO source. The results revealed the optimal water/cement (W/C) ratio for MPC-TUN mortars production through the assessment of various characterization techniques, which was 0.55. This ratio resulted in the highest compressive strength after 28 days of curing and the formation of a stable K-struvite matrix. Furthermore, it demonstrated the effectiveness of aluminum sulphate in preventing efflorescence caused by carbonates. The development of alternative masonry mortars for application in building materials represents a significant stride towards advancing the principles of a circular economy, in alignment with the objectives laid out in the 2030 roadmap.
Keywords: circular economy; refractory waste; magnesium phosphate cement circular economy; refractory waste; magnesium phosphate cement

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alfocea-Roig, A.; Vera-Rivera, D.; Huete-Hernández, S.; Giro-Paloma, J.; Formosa Mitjans, J. Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials. Resources 2025, 14, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107

AMA Style

Alfocea-Roig A, Vera-Rivera D, Huete-Hernández S, Giro-Paloma J, Formosa Mitjans J. Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials. Resources. 2025; 14(7):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfocea-Roig, Anna, David Vera-Rivera, Sergio Huete-Hernández, Jessica Giro-Paloma, and Joan Formosa Mitjans. 2025. "Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials" Resources 14, no. 7: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107

APA Style

Alfocea-Roig, A., Vera-Rivera, D., Huete-Hernández, S., Giro-Paloma, J., & Formosa Mitjans, J. (2025). Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials. Resources, 14(7), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107

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