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Article

Geotouristic Route Proposal for Touristic Development in a Mining Area—Case Study

by
Paúl Carrión-Mero
1,2,*,
Magner Turner-Carrión
3,
Gricelda Herrera-Franco
4,5,
Gianella Bravo-Murillo
2,
Maribel Aguilar-Aguilar
1,*,
Nataly Paz-Salas
6 and
Edgar Berrezueta
7
1
Centro de Investigaciones y Proyectos Aplicados a las Ciencias de la Tierra (CIPAT), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador
2
Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador
3
Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, Portovelo 071150, Ecuador
4
Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena (UPSE), Avda. Principal La Libertad–Santa Elena, La Libertad 240204, Ecuador
5
Geo-Recursos y Aplicaciones GIGA, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador
6
Bira Bienes Raíces S.A. (BIRA S.A.), Zaruma 071350, Ecuador
7
Departamento de Infraestructura Geocientífica y Servicios, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, CSIC), 33005 Oviedo, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Resources 2022, 11(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11030025
Submission received: 30 January 2022 / Revised: 18 February 2022 / Accepted: 21 February 2022 / Published: 25 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geodiversity Assessment: What, Why and How?)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In recent decades, geotourism has been presented as an alternative for the sustainable socioeconomic development of the community. In addition, it shows significant growth. Portovelo canton, located in the south of Ecuador, is characterised by a significant geological importance complemented by the mining culture and history interest, turning into the first mining centre. Mining is the main economic activity in the area. However, the development of illegal mining without technical considerations affects the canton and its surroundings. Faced with this problem, the need arises for alternatives to improve the inhabitants’ quality of life and protect their geological heritage. This work aims to propose a geotouristic route (GR) in the course of the Amarillo River through the characterisation and quantitative assessment of 10 interest sites (four geosites and six touristic sites), which enhance the geotourism development of the canton, including geoconservation strategies. The methodological process includes (i) characterisation of sites and GR proposal, (ii) sites and GR assessment using the Geotouristic Route Assessment Matrix method (GtRAM, acronym in Spanish) and Brilha method for geosites, and (iii) proposal of geotourism development and geoconservation strategies in a sustainability framework through the analysis of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats (SWOT). The results obtained from the proposed GR reflect that 60% of the proposed sites have a tourist interest classified as high, of which the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner was the best-rated geoheritage element. Similarly, the high scientific, educational, and tourist values of the proposed geoheritage sites are highlighted. Strategies have been established to enhance the GR value: (i) Promoting geotourism through different activities and (ii) proposals for geoconservation and conditioning of geoheritage sites and tourist interest sites considering the geological and environmental impact. The methodology used in the study made it possible to establish geo-guidelines focused on local development, which are coupled with the knowledge of two main groups: Geo-experts and the community.

1. Introduction

Natural diversity can be understood as integrating biotic (biodiversity) and abiotic (geodiversity) components of nature [1]. Although geodiversity is relatively new, it was consolidated from the 1990s, developing a high scientific production until today [2,3]. According to Gray [4], geodiversity can be defined as “the natural range (diversity) of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), geomorphological (landforms, processes), and soil features”. Geodiversity can also be defined as the geological variety around elements, such as geological structures (faults, stratifications), minerals, rocks, fossils or soils [5,6].
When the elements that constitute geodiversity present a scientific interest, they are recognized as geological heritage or geoheritage [7,8], which includes geosites (in situ) and geoheritage elements (ex situ) [1]. The relevance of geoheritage refers to the need for geoconservation through restructuring, conservation, and rescue systems for unique geological features [9,10]. According to Jakubowski [11], within the geological heritage, it is important to distinguish two types of categories: (i) Immovable geological heritage (IGH) and (ii) movable geological heritage (MGH). The IGH includes geodiversity elements with a scientific value that cannot be removed from the surrounding environment, for which protection must be in situ, while the MGH includes geodiversity elements with a scientific value that must be protected ex situ within a museum. The inclusion of the MGH in a museum collection often represents the only opportunity to preserve these invaluable inanimate natural monuments [11,12].
Geosites are sites of geological interest with high scientific, educational, and tourist values, representing the geological heritage and promoting conservation [13]. Geosites also include forms of particular importance due to their geological rarity or representativeness, didactic value, landscape importance, and historical–cultural interest [14,15,16].
In general, these sites with high geological interest are usually assessed through qualitative and quantitative methods to determine management, conservation, and prevention strategies against natural and anthropic threats [17]. There are several methods for the sites assessment from the point of view of their geological interest [1,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. These methods, in general, are based on determining the scientific, educational, cultural, landscape/aesthetic value, ecological value, potential use value, recreational value, degradation risk, economic value, and tourist value of the studied site. In some studies (e.g., [16]), geoheritage elements assessment with geosite assessment methods has allowed for the proposition of conservation strategies.
An alternative to promote the geoconservation of a given area is geotourism. To date, geotourism has been defined by several authors [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. According to Hose and Vasiljević [29], a new definition for modern geotourism could be “The provision of interpretative and service facilities for geosites and geomorphosites and their encompassing topography, together with their associated in situ and ex situ artefacts, to constituency-build for their conservation by generating appreciation, learning and research by and for current and future generations”. Currently, the most internationally accepted definition is from Newsome and Dowling [37]: “Geotourism is a form of natural area tourism that specifically focuses on geology and landscape. It promotes tourism to geosites and the conservation of geodiversity, and an understanding of earth sciences through appreciation and learning. This is achieved through independent visits to geological features, use of geotrails and viewpoints, guided tours, geoactivities, and patronage of geosite visitor centres”. In general, geotourism can be considered a tool that promotes natural and cultural heritage, and fosters local and regional economic development [38,39].
Through geotourism, there are several actions focused on economic sustainability and geoconservation, such as the creation of geoparks [40,41], georoutes [42], and the assessment and heritage conservation (cultural, geological, and mining [34,43,44] of the geosites used as a tool for understanding geological processes (geoeducation) [27,45,46]. Geological routes (georoutes) are itineraries based on the knowledge, interpretation, and preservation of geological heritage through the connection of different geosites in a way that is sequential and ordered [47,48,49,50]. There are several examples of georoutes in different countries, such as Italy (e.g., [51]), Brazil (e.g., [52]), Chile (e.g., [49]), and Spain (e.g., [42]). Similarly, there are the so-called “geotouristic routes” that, unlike georoutes, contain, in addition to sites of geological interest, other sites of interest: Natural, archaeological, architectural, and agricultural [53,54]. Some examples of this type of routes are: The “Ruta de las Piritas” in Spain (e.g., [55]), the “Royal Entrance” in Brazil (e.g., [56]), “Ruta de la piedra” in Portugal (e.g., [44]), and “Gold Route” in Ecuador (e.g., [46]).
In Ecuador, since the declaration of the Imbabura Geopark as a UNESCO World Geopark in 2019, the definition of geological heritage, its need for protection, and its use as an alternative for sustainable development have generated attention in recent years [57]. According to Berrezueta et al. [58], there are nine geopark projects and initiatives in the country to date (e.g., Napo Sumaco Geopark Project, Santa Elena Geopark Project, Tungurahua Volcano Geopark Project, and Ruta del Oro Geopark Project). The Ruta del Oro Geopark Project in the study area is made up of five municipalities: Atahualpa, Chilla, Piñas, Portovelo, and Zaruma [58]. The main objective of this project is to generate sustainable development alternatives through geotourism [46].
Portovelo canton is located in the southwest of Ecuador, in the province of El Oro. The study locality is crossed by the Amarillo River and is characterised by an irregular topography since it is part of the mountains present in the coastal region. Its attractive slopes are due to its streets’ layout and the view of the striking landscapes with the naked eye [45,59]. Its geological heritage is concentrated in the cities and towns surrounding Portovelo since they are old and have a diversity of traditions and customs that emanate a typical singularity of the sector, which allows for the establishment of a potential tourism sector [46,60]. This hydrological resource is one of the significant riches of the urban area. However, the inhabitants’ contact with the water has not been adequate, and the planning processes have not known how to propose strategies that help preserve its landscape and geological attractions around them [61,62]. Therefore, based on the need to strengthen the management and promotion of the geological wealth of the canton, the following question arises: How to establish strategic guidelines for the development of geotourism in Portovelo, considering interesting geological sites in the course of the Amarillo River?
This article aims to propose a geotouristic route (GR) in the course of the Amarillo River through the characterisation and quantitative assessment of 10 interest sites (four geosites and six touristic sites), which enhance the geotourism development of the canton. The assessment process will be carried out through two different methodologies: (i) Brilha method [1] applied to geosites and (ii) Geotouristic Route Assessment Matrix method (GtRAM) [47] applied to geotouristic routes. Finally, the study is complemented by analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to define strategies for conservation and conditioning of sites as a basis for local development.

2. Geographical and Geological Setting

Portovelo is a city in the southeast of the El Oro province in Ecuador (Figure 1a,b) and one of the main cities that make up the Zaruma-Portovelo mining district. This city is one of the 14 cantons that make up the province of El Oro, with an approximate area of 35 km2. The area is located on the western slope of the Andes Mountains, in the upper basin of the Puyango-Tumbes River [63,64]. Landscapes characterise the mountainous relief with steep slopes from 20 to 45° [65]. The topography of the place presents elevations that vary between 600 and 1600 m above sea level [66], with fluvial incisions with important water flows [67,68]. It is crossed by the Amarillo River and Calera River (Figure 1c), with a warm climate characterised by temperatures between 18 and 30 °C [69]. The water flow of the main rivers is conditioned by an average annual rainfall of 1300 mm, which occurs in two seasons (January to May and October to November) [65,70].
Regionally, Portovelo and its surroundings are in the extension of the southwestern segment of the Miocene metallogenic belt (Azuay-El Oro district mineral deposits) in Ecuador [71], specifically in the Zaruma-Portovelo mining district [72,73]. This district contains Tertiary granitoids [74], such as the Cangrejos–Zaruma intrusive complex [71], where there is significant structural control of the dextral Palestine and Piñas faults with a NW–SE trend [75,76]. This structural dynamic has favoured the formation of dilation spaces for the location of vein assemblages, where gold mineralisation occurs [59,77,78], and associated minerals, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz, sphalerite calcite, galena, bornite, hematite, tetrahedrite, and molybdenite [59,79,80]. The area’s geology consists of metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks ranging from the Proterozoic–Paleozoic to the Quaternary age [77].
From a socioeconomic point of view, Portovelo is one of the oldest mining (gold extraction) cities in Ecuador [69,81]. With a population of 12,200 inhabitants, according to the last census carried out in 2010 [82], it is estimated that more than 70% of its population are directly dedicated to artisanal mining [83], while the other 30% of the inhabitants are engaged in agricultural, livestock, and tourist activities [64]. Within the Zaruma-Portovelo mining district, more than 20,000 people depend directly or indirectly on extractive activity [69], of these, 8540 correspond to inhabitants of the Portovelo canton. Mining activity uses mercury intensively in gold recovery processes, generating environmental problems [69]. According to Turner-Carrión et al. [64], in the last decade, the Portovelo city in particular, and the Zaruma-Portovelo mining district in general, have promoted tourism through its cultural, gastronomic, geological, archaeological, and mining history.

3. Materials and Methods

The work carried out comprises three phases: (i) Geosites characterisation and geotouristic route (GR) proposal, (ii) geosites and GR assessment using the Brilha method [1] and Geotouristic Route Assessment Matrix method (GtRAM) [47], and (iii) proposal of geotourism development and geoconservation strategies in a sustainability framework through the analysis of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats (SWOT) [84] (Figure 2).

3.1. General Information and Fieldwork

In this first stage, the existing information on the web (e.g., thematic cartography and preliminary studies of geosites assessment developed in the area, together with existing geological data) was reviewed and processed to define a list of potential geosites. Specifically, this study addressed the selection of geological interest sites based on previous work carried out by Carrión Mero et al. [46]. The criteria for selecting the potential geosites were the proximity to the Amarillo River (Portovelo), accessibility, the proximity between geosites, and geosites with highest scores in previous assessment.
Subsequently, the survey and characterisation of the main general geological features of the selected geosites were carried out. This stage also includes selecting and characterising sites with tourist interest (e.g., biodiversity, cultural, historical). Finally, the list of potential geosites and tourist interest sites is used to define a geotourism route (GR) that contributes to strengthening the socioeconomic activities of the city.

3.2. Geosites and Geotouristic Route Assessment

The quantitative assessment processes of sites with representative geological interest are essential to executing geoconservation plans [17] or geotourism development [37]. According to Valente et al. [85], the educational and tourist aspect that the Brilha method evaluates allows for the determination of sites with appropriate geological characteristics to spread geological knowledge at different levels of education through their inclusion in geoitineraries. Considering that the Brilha method includes five additional parameters in the evaluation of potential tourism use (vulnerability, use limitations, safety, scenario, and uniqueness), concerning the parameters of the tourism profile that are assessed with the IELIG method, in this study, the potential geosites were evaluated using the Brilha method [1]. This new assessment is carried out to complement the previous assessment, specifically in the tourist value of the selected geosites, and better support their consideration within the GR. On the other hand, applying several methodologies allowed one to obtain a better result of the potential of the geosites and reduce the subjectivity of the evaluation methods [86].
In general, the quantitative method used allows for the assessment of geological interest sites through four main indicators: (i) Scientific value (SV), (ii) potential educational use (UEP), (iii) potential tourist use (PTU), and (iv) degradation risk (DR) [1]. Each indicator includes different sub-indicators, with values from 1 (minimum score) to 4 (maximum score), which have different weights according to what the method proposes (Table 1). When evaluating the SV, PEU, and PTU indicators, a high value has a positive connotation for the geosite. However, when assessing the DR indicators, high values represent negative connotations (risk) for the geosite.
Furthermore, the Geotouristic Routes Assessment Matrix (GtRAM) method [47] is applied to all of the sites (geosites and tourist interest sites) that constitute the GR. Specifically, to obtain a global assessment of this and each site that constitutes it. The objective of this method is to assess the tourism potential of each site on the route based on six parameters: Accessibility, preparation and logistics, registration with the Ministry of Tourism, regarding heritage, contribution to scientific knowledge and ecotourism (Table 2). Each parameter can be scored from 1 (lowest value) to 5 (highest value). If the site does not meet the assessed parameter, the assigned score is 0. The final value of each site is obtained from the average of the values assigned to each evaluated parameter. Finally, the value of the GR is obtained from the average global value of each site. The results are classified with values that advance from low to very high, where (1–1.9) is considered “Low”, (2–2.9) “Medium”, (3–3.9) “High”, and (4–5) “Very high” [47]. Sites with scores below 1 will not be considered with tourism potential, discarding their inclusion in the route.
The assessment methods used were carried out by three geoscience experts (two co-authors who know the area and one expert from the study area). The Brilha and GtRAM scores obtained were the averages of the three independent experts.

3.3. SWOT Analysis Matrix

The study ends with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis [84] of the proposed GR. This analysis will allow for the definition of strategies to promote geotourism and conservation of the geological and natural wealth of the studied area. Four focus groups were analysed: (i) Geo-experts, (ii) municipal authorities, (iii) tourism managers, and (iv) inhabitants.

4. Results

4.1. Interest Sites Description

Based on the information obtained by previous works and the field visits carried out, it has been considered appropriate to survey 10 potential sites for the proposal of a GR in the Portovelo canton (Figure 3). Specifically, four sites with geological interest (potential geosites) have been selected from the work carried out by Carrión Mero et al. [46]: (i) Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, (ii) “Aguas Calientes” nature springs, (iii) San José hill, and (iv) Jesus Angel waterfall.
To complement the geological interest sites, six sites of tourist interest were defined within the field trip, including biodiversity, cultural, and historical values. The selected potential geosites represent important geological processes of the mining district. On the other hand, the sites of natural, cultural, and historical interest were defined based on the importance of the tourist interest of the studied area.
Table 3 presents the main characteristics of the surveyed sites (potential geosites and tourist interest sites) (Figure 4), which lays the basis for the subsequent quantitative evaluation.

4.2. Proposed Geotouristic Route (GR)

The proposed GR is characterised by a route along the Yellow River, specifically the last 5 km through the city. It will be 10 potential sites: Four sites of geological interest and six of tourist interest (Figure 5). The distance between each site is short, with trips from one site to another ranging between 5–10 min and stops of approximately 30 min. The total route in a tourist visit would address a maximum time of 7 h, in which tourists have restaurant services, parking lots, and accommodation.
The GR has three main accesses (Figure 5): Access A from the Piñas canton, B from the Zaruma canton, and C from the Loja province. Paved roads in good condition characterise all of the accesses with capacity from bicycles to tourist transport buses.
According to the fieldwork itineraries, the sites contained in the route have an average capacity of 20 people (tourists) who can visit each site simultaneously. It is important to note that this itinerary is designed simultaneously with a project to recover the banks of the Yellow River, in which the municipal authorities are planning the construction of a boardwalk conditioned for tourism, which runs through the proposed area as a geotouristic route. Specifically, the tourist will enjoy an itinerary with the necessary conditions for an agreeable journey.

4.3. Geosites Assessment

The geosites assessment (4) by the Brilha method (Figure 6) reflects that two present values are greater than 200/400 in evaluating scientific interest. The highest-rated geosite within the GR corresponds to Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, considered on this route due to its previous assessment (330/400) made by Turner-Carrión et al. [64], and its proximity to the river. The geosite “Aguas Calientes” nature spring is the second most scored (285/400). This geosite represents one of the few examples of hot spring points in the studied area without active volcanism, partially conditioned to tourism. Both geosites are of high scientific interest and considered for future research studies. Regarding the educational and tourist potential (values greater than 230), it is possible to observe that all of the geosites present geological characteristics in good conditions with a broad compression level of geological processes. Furthermore, due to their location (urban area), these sites have good accessibility, association with natural, cultural, and historical values, and the presence of lodging services, parking, and restaurants.
Furthermore, due to its occurrence in an urban area, the results obtained from the DR evaluation indicate that the geosites present a risk classified as low to moderate (Figure 7), according to the method used (Table 1). Of these geosites, the Jesús Ángel waterfall is the site with the highest DR, mainly due to its size, proximity to potentially degrading human activities, such as illegal artisanal mining, and scant legal control without conservation plans.

4.4. Geotouristic Route Assessment

The assessment by the GtRAM method reflects that the route has an average value of 3.21/5, classified as high tourist interest. Within the GR, six sites of the proposed GR present an interest classified as high (values greater than 3) (Figure 8), highlighting the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner geosite as the site of significant interest (4.33/5). This geosite is characterised by its adaptation to tourism. It offers facilities currently used as destinations for national and international tourist visits and its high geological, cultural, and historical values.
The four remaining sites present values classified as medium (2–2.9), within which the “Union of the Calera River and Amarillo River” is the site with the lowest score (2.31/5). The site is a rare morphological feature in the area that draws the attention of local and national tourists. However, the Calera River is most affected by mining contamination and mineral processing plants. Despite its uniqueness, the lack of legal protection has led to high water and air pollution levels.

4.5. SWOT Analysis Matrix

The SWOT matrix used in this study made it possible to propose specific strategies for the RM and its environment (Table 4) through the combination of internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) characteristics that involve geological, tourist, cultural, legislative aspects, management, and geoconservation. Furthermore, the strategies proposed here will guarantee the responsible use of resources, including actions focused on conserving, conditioning, and disseminating a municipality belonging to the Ruta del Oro Geopark Project. Finally, this analysis lays the foundations for a comprehensive alliance management plan and academic, business, municipal, and citizen collaboration.

5. Interpretation of Results and Discussion

The methodology proposed in this study allowed for the establishment of a geotouristic route (GR) in a mining area (Portovelo city) as an alternative for the socioeconomic development of the population and its surroundings in the face of problems related to unregulated artisanal mining activity. The route included four geosites and six tourist interest sites. Considering that quantitative assessment processes support management, protection, and promotion strategies [96,97], the geosites with the highest score in the assessment carried out in this study by Carrión Mero et al. [46] were selected for this study. These geosites were assessed by the Brilha method [1] to: (i) Expand and complement the perspective of the tourist value they present, (ii) better discriminate the weak parameters that need to be strengthened in the context of RM, and (iii) strengthen the assessment criteria and reduce the subjectivity of the quantitative assessment methods of geosites using two or more methodologies. The tourist interest sites contemplated by the GR are characterised by their current use in local and national tourism due to their natural, cultural, and historical wealth. Based on the integration of geosites and tourist interest sites, the GR was assessed through the GtRAM method [47], which allowed for the determination of its tourism potential.
The results obtained by the Brilha method indicate that the geosites have a high scientific, tourist, and educational values (Figure 6), following a trend, such as the evaluations obtained by Carrión Mero et al. [46]. The Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner has the highest score, according to the assessment carried out by Turner-Carrión et al. [64]. It is characterised as the only specimen in the area that includes a variety of representative mineralogical samples of the mining district, mines underground in situ, and equipment used in the old artisan exploitation of the area. Within the assessment carried out in this study, “Aguas Calientes” nature spring is the second most punctuated geosite of the GR, with unusual geological characteristics in the area and located next to the Amarillo River. This geosite has been the focus of scientific studies related to the characterisation of hot springs in Ecuador (e.g., [87,88]), and their potential for use within geotourism in the area (e.g., [46,47]). The facilities consist of basic services, such as water, electricity, bathrooms, telephone coverage, internet, and food. “Aguas Calientes” nature spring is one of the most visited tourist sites in the canton, which needs promotion and conditioning strategies focused on its geological and geoconservation interest. Its geological potential has allowed for the development of scientific studies related to the geosites assessment [45,46,47,60,64,98,99] and with the geology of the area [59,67,74,77,78,80,92,100,101,102].
If the tourist and academic potential are analysed, the geosites present clear geological elements for all of the publics, associated with natural, cultural, and historical values less than 5 km away, which are currently used as destinations for national tourist campaigns. Furthermore, all of the geosites are in the urban area, crossing the Portovelo city, making them easily accessible with an infrastructure (lodging services, restaurants, and transportation) favouring tourism development [103]. According to Rivas et al. [104], geosites with adequate accessibility and good observation conditions improve the potential for use, allowing for the unique geological and geomorphological characteristics through observation, examination, description, and sampling [105]. Regarding the use limitations of geosites, they can generally be used by students and tourists without exception, ensuring users’ safety with emergency services located less than 5 km away. On the other hand, the vulnerability parameter has made it possible to visualise the possibility of deterioration of the secondary geological elements due to anthropic activity, which in the studied area corresponds to illegal mining and activities linked to mineral processing. In addition, it is important to note that the singularity parameter included in the tourism value of the Brilha method allowed for the determination of the tourism potential of each geosite based on the presence of unique or unusual geological characteristics within the region or country. In the case of the GR, the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner and the “Aguas Calientes” nature spring represent the most attractive geosites due to their rarity within the studied area and its surroundings.
The DR results indicate that the geosites present a risk classified as low to moderate. Despite the existing low population density, its location in an urban area, limited area, and proximity to mining and mineral processing activities have repercussions on the integrity of the geosites. According to Brilha [1], the accessibility parameter is an advantage and a disadvantage at the same time. The advantage is that good accessibility to the site attracts a larger number of tourists. However, an excess of tourists in the same geosite carries a risk of degradation. These problems in the studied area are presented by the absence of regulations focused on geoconservation. This planning and conservation policy would strengthen the link between human activity and the sustainable use of geological elements [106].
The assessment, by the GtRAM method, reflects that the GR presents a high tourist interest (3.21/5). The evaluation of the route proposed in this study is lower than the evaluation proposed by Carrión-Mero et al. [47], called “Ruta de la Geodiversidad”, with a value of 3.74/5, which includes sites in the Zaruma and Portovelo cantons. This is mainly due to the number of sites considered (in this case, 10 sites) and the punctual route focused solely on the Portovelo canton with very short distances between the sites. Sixty percent of the sites were considered to have ratings classified as high to very high tourist interest. These sites have favourable conditions for tourism (e.g., paved access roads, parking spaces, basic services), adding cultural, heritage, and historical values that make them destinations for local and regional tourism campaigns. The route proposed here offers a scientific basis with geotourism potential for the current project in the process of execution called “Recuperación de las riberas del río Calera”. In this municipal project, the authorities seek to condition a tourist boardwalk that runs the final 4 km of the river that crosses the city with institutional and academic support. Moreover, the project aims to develop cultural and tourist awareness campaigns dealing with illegal mining, which causes some damage and problems in the sector.
To strengthen the quantitative assessment and management plans of potential geosites, the participation of people from outside the geoscientific field is important [107]. For this reason, a SWOT analysis was developed with the participation of the community, municipal authorities, tourism managers, and geo-experts. The analysis made it possible to identify the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for planning management strategies for the RM and its surroundings. The SWOT analysis mainly reflects a high potential for developing tourist activities, using its geological potential, with natural and historical interest sites in its surroundings. According to the analysis group, the proposed route represents a unique itinerary for the Ruta del Oro Geopark Project characterised by its proximity to basic services for tourists. The route would represent a source of economic income for the studied area to improve the local productive matrix. However, it is important to highlight the need for laws focused on geoconservation and reduce the environmental pollution. The scarcity of this type of regulation represents a risk for the sites and their inhabitants. Furthermore, this analysis exposes the need for financing and municipal and business cooperation to execute conditioning projects. Of the strategies proposed in the SWOT analysis, the following stand out:
-
Execution of conditioning projects with municipal, enterprise, and academic intervention, including the participation of the inhabitants along the route that promotes tourism and improves the inhabitants’ quality of life.
-
Development of geological characterisation studies proposed implementing digital platforms for geotourism promotion at the local, national, and international levels.
-
Promote community participation in processes related to the Ruta del Oro Geopark Project, highlighting the importance of their participation in commercial and geoconservation activities within the project.
-
Inclusion of legal regulations and strengthening of alliances through municipal ordinances of institutional and financial cooperation. These measures are essential to ensure the operability of the geopark project.
-
Execute environmental recovery projects for geosites and complementary sites affected by mining contamination.
-
Develop training and awareness plans for integrating industrial mining development and its effects on the environment.
In general, the methodology proposed in this study can be used to define new geotouristic routes in the context of the Ruta del Oro Geopark Project as a potential tool for obtaining economic income without the need to exploit a natural resource [44,108,109], considering geoconservation strategies and geotourism development. Furthermore, this approach can be improved through the individual geological characterisation of each geosite and an impact study on the geological heritage due to conditioning works.

6. Conclusions

The quantitative evaluation methods used in this study (Brilha for geosites and GtRAM for geosites and other sites) demonstrated their tourism potential. The results obtained show high scientific, academic, and tourist values of the geosites and, consequently, of the proposed itinerary. To complement this analysis, the evaluation made it possible to define weak parameters that must be corrected and propose ways to correct them (e.g., installation of interpretive panels, including a tour guide, geological characterisation studies). All of this guarantees the route’s viability and efficiency as an element for the area’s sustainable development.
The qualitative analysis (SWOT) focused on three main aspects: (i) The geological, natural, cultural, and historical potential of the area to strengthen tourism, (ii) conditioning measures for geosites and sites of tourist interest, (iii) inter-institutional cooperation and community within the framework of promotion and conservation, and (iv) implementation of regulations that regulate potentially degrading activities in the study area and its surroundings.
The proposed study constitutes a process of assessing geodiversity elements with scientific value in situ (potential geosites) and ex situ (geoheritage elements), selected as sites worthy of conservation and potential use in geotourism development. The community, municipality, and the knowledge of geo-experts strengthen the evaluation process, guaranteeing a sustainable management and promotion plan.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, P.C.-M., G.H.-F., M.T.-C. and M.A.-A.; methodology, P.C.-M., G.H.-F., M.T.-C., M.A.-A., G.B.-M. and E.B.; investigation, P.C.-M., M.T.-C., G.B.-M. and N.P.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.-A., G.B.-M. and E.B.; writing—review and editing, P.C.-M., G.H.-F., M.T.-C., M.A.-A., G.B.-M., N.P.-S. and E.B.; supervision, P.C.-M. and E.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the ESPOL Polytechnic University research project called “Registry of geological and mining heritage and its impact on the defense and preservation of geodiversity in Ecuador”, CIPAT–01–2018 and “Propuesta de Geoparque Ruta del Oro y su incidencia en el desarrollo territorial”, CIPAT-02-2018.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This work is based on previous initiatives sponsored by the Red Minería XXI (CYTED: 407310RT0402, IGME) and Proyecto Rutas Mineras y Sostenibilidad (RUMYS). We would like to thank Paulina Morales (Vicealcaldesa de Portovelo), Angel Orellana, and Roy Siguenza in carrying out the SWOT analysis and photographs of the geosites. We would also like to thank the editorial office for the editorial handling and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and corrections.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Location of the study area: (a) and (b) general context; (c) local context.
Figure 1. Location of the study area: (a) and (b) general context; (c) local context.
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Figure 2. The general methodology of the study.
Figure 2. The general methodology of the study.
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Figure 3. Potential sites location: (1) Union of the Calera River and Amarillo River, (2) Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, (3) Escultura en honor al minero, (4) Conjunto de casas patrimoniales, (5) Estadio de oro, (6) San José hill, (7) Vestigios de la minera SADCO, (8) Jesús Ángel waterfall, (9) La Chorrera tourist viewpoint, y (10) “Aguas calientes” nature spring.
Figure 3. Potential sites location: (1) Union of the Calera River and Amarillo River, (2) Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, (3) Escultura en honor al minero, (4) Conjunto de casas patrimoniales, (5) Estadio de oro, (6) San José hill, (7) Vestigios de la minera SADCO, (8) Jesús Ángel waterfall, (9) La Chorrera tourist viewpoint, y (10) “Aguas calientes” nature spring.
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Figure 4. Examples of potential sites in the study area: (a) “Aguas calientes” nature spring, (b) La Chorrera tourist viewpoint, (c) San José hill, (d) Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, (e) union of the Calera River and Amarillo River, (f) Vestigios de la minera SADCO.
Figure 4. Examples of potential sites in the study area: (a) “Aguas calientes” nature spring, (b) La Chorrera tourist viewpoint, (c) San José hill, (d) Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner, (e) union of the Calera River and Amarillo River, (f) Vestigios de la minera SADCO.
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Figure 5. Proposed geotouristic route along the Amarillo River. Access to georoute: (A) Access from Piñas, (B) access from Zaruma, and (C) access from Loja.
Figure 5. Proposed geotouristic route along the Amarillo River. Access to georoute: (A) Access from Piñas, (B) access from Zaruma, and (C) access from Loja.
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Figure 6. Results obtained from assessing the scientific (SV), educational (UEP), and tourist (PTU) values of potential geosites by the Brilha method. The results of the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner assessment correspond to the assessment carried out by Turner-Carrión et al. [64].
Figure 6. Results obtained from assessing the scientific (SV), educational (UEP), and tourist (PTU) values of potential geosites by the Brilha method. The results of the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner assessment correspond to the assessment carried out by Turner-Carrión et al. [64].
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Figure 7. Results obtained from the degradation risk (DR) assessment of geosites by the Brilha method. DR assessment of the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner corresponds to the assessment carried out by Turner-Carrión et al. [64].
Figure 7. Results obtained from the degradation risk (DR) assessment of geosites by the Brilha method. DR assessment of the Museo Mineralógico Magner Turner corresponds to the assessment carried out by Turner-Carrión et al. [64].
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Figure 8. Results from the GtRAM assessment of the potential geosites and tourist interest sites proposed by the GR.
Figure 8. Results from the GtRAM assessment of the potential geosites and tourist interest sites proposed by the GR.
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Table
Table 1. Criteria and indicators used for the quantitative assessment of geosites [1]. SV (100 to 400), PEU (100 to 400), PTU (100 to 400), and DR (100 to 400). The DR obtained can be classified as: Low (<200), medium (201–300) or high (301–400).
Table 1. Criteria and indicators used for the quantitative assessment of geosites [1]. SV (100 to 400), PEU (100 to 400), PTU (100 to 400), and DR (100 to 400). The DR obtained can be classified as: Low (<200), medium (201–300) or high (301–400).
Indicators/Sub-IndicatorsValuesWeight
Scientific Value (SV)
Representativeness1–430
Key locality20
Scientific knowledge5
Integrity15
Geological diversity5
Rarity15
Use limitations10
(SV) Total 100
Potential Educational Use (PEU) and Potential Tourism Use (PTU)ValuesWeight
PEUPTU PEUPTU
Vulnerability 1–41010
Accessibility1010
Use limitations55
Safety1010
Logistics55
Density of population55
Association with other values55
Scenary515
Uniqueness510
Observation conditions105
Didactic potentialInterpretative potential2010
Geological diversityEconomic level105
Proximity of recreational areas 5
Total 100100
Degradation Risk (DR)ValuesWeight
Deterioration of geological elements1–435
Proximity to areas/activities with potential to cause degradation20
Legal protection20
Accessibility15
Density of population10
Total 100
Table
Table 2. Parameters used for the geotouristic routes assessment through the GtRAM method [47]. Interpretation (value range): Minimum total average (1) and maximum total average (5). The tourist interest obtained can be classified as: Low (1–1.9), Medium (2–2.9), High (3–3.9), and Very high (4–5).
Table 2. Parameters used for the geotouristic routes assessment through the GtRAM method [47]. Interpretation (value range): Minimum total average (1) and maximum total average (5). The tourist interest obtained can be classified as: Low (1–1.9), Medium (2–2.9), High (3–3.9), and Very high (4–5).
Qualitative ParametersValue RangeElements to Consider (Minimum and Maximum Values)
Accessibility1–5Main roads (0–2)
Parking spaces (0–2)
Access by other types of transport (bicycle path, rail) (0–1)
Preparation and logisticsPresence of signage (0–1)
Trained tourist guides (0–1)
Basic services (hotels, restaurants) (0–3)
Registration with the Ministry of TourismTourist registration application entry (0–1)
Accommodation economic activities requirements (0–1)
Recreation fun and recreation (0–3)
Regarding heritagePresence of human and cultural values of a particular historic period (0–2)
Presence of natural habitats (0–3)
Contribution to scientific knowledgeResearch studies in the area (scientific articles) (0–1)
Promotes knowledge in science (0–2)
Promotes the implementation of research proposals (theme parks, museums, sites, geopark, geotourism) (0–2)
EcotourismEnvironmental awareness campaigns (0–1)
Activities that reduce the environmental impact (0–3)
Signage and information about environmental care at the sites (0–1)
Table
Table 3. List of potential sites in the study area and general characteristics.
Table 3. List of potential sites in the study area and general characteristics.
N°Potential SiteTypeMain Characteristics
10“Aguas calientes” nature springGeositeAguas Calientes is a hot spring on the Río Amarillo with a geology corresponding to Cretaceous sediments, without active volcanism, and mineralisations of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As [87]. The water temperature is 50 °C, pH 7.1, and the presence of elements, such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SiO4 in considerable quantities [87,88]. There is also the presence of elements on a smaller scale, such as Li, B, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn [87].
8Jesús Ángel waterfallGeositeThe waterfall is approximately 2 m high, and with temperatures of 17–20 °C, it has two falls, which descend through steep rocks to form a lagoon at a later time. It maintains vegetation, such as large bushes and rocks [89]. This site has good accessibility, located less than 100 m from a paved road.
2Museo Mineralógico Magner TurnerGeoheritage elementThe museum consists of 14 different sections/areas that exhibit collections of national and international minerals, fossils and rocks, and pieces, photos, objects, and old equipment that reflect the mining activity of the district. It reaches a total of 7000 samples and the operation of three mines in situ that allow for the tourists to understand the activities of artisanal mining extraction. It is located in the Campamento Americano neighbourhood, located at 700 m a.s.l. [64,89,90,91].
6San José hillGeosite
Viewpoint geosite		The San José hill in the study area is a hill characterised by not presenting mineralisation. Its lithology corresponds to the Faique Series consisting mainly of volcanic breccias, tuffs, and lava flows of andesitic composition and ignimbrites [92]. The hill is characterised as the main viewpoint of the urban area with unique morphological characteristics. Its approximate height is 600 m, with steep slopes reaching 70°. The morphology is typical of the characteristics of the rock that compose it and the alteration and erosion processes to which it is subjected to the present day.
1Confluence of the Calera River and Amarillo RiverTourist interest siteIn this union, a small valley is formed that extends in a North–South direction, from the river bank the extension exceeds 80 m, within this valley, small terraces formed by alluvial material can be seen where plants have been installed for the extraction of minerals, such as gold found within this water resource [93]. The Calera River is characteristic of installing this type of infrastructure for mineral processing, recognising it as an industrial mining zone.
9La Chorrera tourist viewpointTourist interest siteCreated in the 20th century to enhance the “Río Amarillo” hydroelectric plant, it is currently a heritage of the canton, used by tourists as a viewpoint and point of reference for activities, such as fishing. Moreover, within the area and its surroundings, it is the only tourist destination of this type that presents an installation of lights (which are visible at night), drawing the attention of tourists who visit the place [94].
7Vestigios de la minera SADCOTourist interest siteIt is a site that belonged to the South American Development Company (SADCO). The company arrived in Portovelo with the best technology to carry out the extraction of gold. It created a mining camp, where facilities that had large cyanidation tanks can currently be seen. A reconstructed castle was implemented to obtain the extracted material from the mines [94].
4Conjunto de casas patrimonialesTourist interest siteAround 40 heritage houses are estimated in the canton where the American and National neighbourhoods were built. The infrastructures present European art from the time of the conquest and colonisation. The exteriors of these houses have been carved in guayacan and cedarwood [46].
5Estadio de oroTourist interest siteEstadio de la Liga Deportiva Cantonal de Portovelo, which is multipurpose, opened in 1955 to approximately 3500 people. Its potential tourist interest lies in the stories of the place, which classify it as a stadium located in an area rich in precious metals that have not been exploited to date [95].
3Escultura en honor al mineroTourist interest siteIt is a monument representing all of the artisanal miners, made with fibreglass and stone. The site presents three characters with an average height of 3 m, traditional clothing, and their work tools [46].
Table
Table 4. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix analysis of GR proposed. The SWOT combines the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) identified by numbers 1 to 6 and the external environment (opportunities and threats) identified by letters (a) to (f).
Table 4. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix analysis of GR proposed. The SWOT combines the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) identified by numbers 1 to 6 and the external environment (opportunities and threats) identified by letters (a) to (f).
Internal EnvironmentStrengthsWeaknesses
External Environment
  • First mining centre in the country.
  • Destination of tourist activities in the Zaruma-Portovelo district.
  • Favourable climatic conditions for tourism.
  • Relevant hydrogeological characteristics.
  • Current execution of the project for the recovery of the Amarillo River (4 km) includes recreational areas.
  • Rich flora and fauna along the river.
  • Limited geosite conditioning.
  • Pollution of the Calera River due to mining activity.
  • Sites of historical and mining potential in deterioration.
  • Limited academic, governmental, and international cooperation alliances.
  • Low level of tourism promotion.
  • Limited scientific studies.
OpportunitiesStrategies: Strengths + OpportunitiesStrategies: Weaknesses + Opportunities
a.
Promote the route as a geotourism destination within the Ruta del Oro Geopark Project framework.
b.
Improve the productive matrix of the area.
c.
Build alliances with national and international institutions.
d.
Main tourist route of the city, focused on geoconservation.
e.
Generation of job opportunities in the tourism area.
f.
Increase in tourist influx in the city.
1.a.d. Strengthen tourism associated with geological importance through the Ruta de El Oro Geopark Project.
1.a.c. Rescue mining vestiges through cooperation alliances.
2.a.b.e. Establish tour guides with knowledge of the area.
4.6.d. Implement environmental awareness campaigns focused on conserving the wealth of flora, fauna, and relevant geological features.
5.d.f. Develop tourism promotion campaigns for the GR at a national and international level.
6.a.b. Design complementary tourist activities close to the route that strengthen the services offered to tourists.
1.a.d. Execution of geosite conditioning projects with community and business participation.
2.c. Generate recovery processes for the Calera River.
3.c.d. Design a conditioning and preservation plan for deteriorating historical and mining interest sites.
4.c.e. Promote inter-institutional and business cooperation to attract financing funds to prepare geosites.
5.a.d. Implement digital tourism dissemination systems with a national and international scope.
6.a.f. Execute geological characterisation studies of the main geosites in the area to strengthen their outreach and tourist affluence.
ThreatsStrategies: Strengths-ThreatsStrategies: Weaknesses-Threats
a.
Degradation risk against natural and anthropogenic events.
b.
Pollution of rivers due to artisanal mining activity.
c.
Mineral extraction areas less than 5 km from the route.
d.
Environmental contamination due to processing plants located less than 5 km from the route.
1.a. Generate mining environmental impact assessment studies in geosites and tourist interest sites.
1.b.c. Strengthen the legislative system related to water pollution due to mining activity.
6.c.d. Promote the execution of scientific studies that give added value to the importance of flora and fauna in rivers.		1.a. Implement interpretation and conservation panels in the sites of the geotouristic route that reduce the degradation risk by tourists.
2.b. Carry out scientific studies focused on pollution mitigation strategies due to mining activity.
3.a.d. Create tourist parks through the conditioning of historical and mining interest sites.
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Carrión-Mero, P.; Turner-Carrión, M.; Herrera-Franco, G.; Bravo-Murillo, G.; Aguilar-Aguilar, M.; Paz-Salas, N.; Berrezueta, E. Geotouristic Route Proposal for Touristic Development in a Mining Area—Case Study. Resources 2022, 11, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11030025

AMA Style

Carrión-Mero P, Turner-Carrión M, Herrera-Franco G, Bravo-Murillo G, Aguilar-Aguilar M, Paz-Salas N, Berrezueta E. Geotouristic Route Proposal for Touristic Development in a Mining Area—Case Study. Resources. 2022; 11(3):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11030025

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Carrión-Mero, Paúl, Magner Turner-Carrión, Gricelda Herrera-Franco, Gianella Bravo-Murillo, Maribel Aguilar-Aguilar, Nataly Paz-Salas, and Edgar Berrezueta. 2022. "Geotouristic Route Proposal for Touristic Development in a Mining Area—Case Study" Resources 11, no. 3: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11030025

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