A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. RFFE Threats and Embedded Analog PUF Design
2.1. Security Threats in RFFEs
2.2. Embedded Analog PUFs for RFFEs
3. Design of the Trusted CMOS LC VCO
4. Measurement Results
4.1. VCO Performance Measurement and Comparison
4.2. PUF Characterization and Randomness Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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This Work (CVCO/Trusted VCO) | [26] | [27] | [28] | [29] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDC (mW) | 1.5/1.75 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 7.2 | 3.8 |
fosc (GHz) | 29.6/29.3 | 27.45 | 25.48 | 28.11 | 19.7 |
Tuning Range (GHz) | 25–31.2/24.6–30.1 | 26.1–29.9 | 25.48–29.92 | 28.11–31.46 | 19.3–22.0 |
PN@1MHz (dBc/Hz) | −101/−104.8 | −105.7 | −109.3 * | −107.2 | −106.33 |
PN@10MHz (dBc/Hz) | −130.4/−132.2 | −127.5 | −128 * | −123 # | −127.82 |
FoM@1MHz (dBc/Hz) | 188.7/191.7 | 189.1 | 191.6 | 187.6 | 186.4 |
FoMT@1Mz (dBc/Hz) | 194.7/197.6 | 191.7 | 195.7 | 189.13 | 188.8 |
FoM@10MHz (dBc/Hz) | 198/199.1 | 191 | 190.3 | N/A | N/A |
FoMT@10Mz (dBc/Hz) | 204/205 | 193.4 | 194.4 | N/A | N/A |
Core Area (mm2) | 0.018/0.018 | 0.038 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.064 |
Technology | 65 nm/65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm |
This Work | [12] | [14] | [15] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Technology | 65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm | 55 nm |
PUF type | Weak | Weak | Weak | Weak |
Chip area | 594 um2 | 40,000 um2 | 37,511 um2 | 997 um2 |
CRP space | (64,2) | (16,8) | (16,20) | (128,1) |
Entropy Source | Capacitance and Impedance mismatch | Process variation | Impedance mismatch | Process variation |
Bit rate | 1.5 Gbps | 100 Mbps | 320 Kbps | 40 Kbps |
ACF | 0.0111/0.0110 | 0.0108 | 0.0123 | 0.0142 |
Energy/bit | 0.83 pJ | 0.36 pJ | 6 pJ | 0.91 pJ |
Intra-HD | 0.0055/0.0054 | 0.0906 | 0.0031 | N/A |
Inter-HD | 0.5113/0.4892 | 0.4859 | 0.4986 | 0.4681 |
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Kurtoglu, A.; Shirazi, A.H.M.; Mirabbasi, S.; Miri Lavasani, H. A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz. J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010010
Kurtoglu A, Shirazi AHM, Mirabbasi S, Miri Lavasani H. A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications. 2024; 14(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurtoglu, Abdullah, Amir H. M. Shirazi, Shahriar Mirabbasi, and Hossein Miri Lavasani. 2024. "A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz" Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 14, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010010