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Article

Automatic Construction Method of Surrogate Evaluation Measures for Job Shop Scheduling

by
Zigao Wu
1,
Shichang Xiao
2,* and
Shaohua Yu
3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
2
Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
3
School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Systems 2026, 14(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060614
Submission received: 3 April 2026 / Revised: 22 May 2026 / Accepted: 26 May 2026 / Published: 27 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scheduling Theory and Models in Industrial Management)

Abstract

Job shop scheduling holds significant importance due to its relevance and impact on various industrial and manufacturing systems. Aiming at the job shop scheduling problem with random machine breakdowns, a multi-objective optimization model is established, which considers both the makespan and expected makespan delay simultaneously. Considering that the expected makespan delay cannot be calculated analytically, this paper proposes a symbolic regression-based construction method, which can automatically learn a surrogate evaluation measure. Then, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for solving this model, where the constructed surrogate evaluation measure is used to replace the expected makespan delay for fitness evaluation, to achieve rapid evaluation and efficient optimization. Finally, extensive simulation experiments are conducted on 40 benchmark problems of job shop scheduling, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and its advantages in computational efficiency.
Keywords: job shop scheduling; symbolic regression; evolutionary algorithm; machine breakdown job shop scheduling; symbolic regression; evolutionary algorithm; machine breakdown

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, Z.; Xiao, S.; Yu, S. Automatic Construction Method of Surrogate Evaluation Measures for Job Shop Scheduling. Systems 2026, 14, 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060614

AMA Style

Wu Z, Xiao S, Yu S. Automatic Construction Method of Surrogate Evaluation Measures for Job Shop Scheduling. Systems. 2026; 14(6):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060614

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Zigao, Shichang Xiao, and Shaohua Yu. 2026. "Automatic Construction Method of Surrogate Evaluation Measures for Job Shop Scheduling" Systems 14, no. 6: 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060614

APA Style

Wu, Z., Xiao, S., & Yu, S. (2026). Automatic Construction Method of Surrogate Evaluation Measures for Job Shop Scheduling. Systems, 14(6), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060614

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