Diagnosing Complex Organisations with Diverse Cultures—Part 1: Agency Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. The Nature of Mindset Agency Theory
3.1. Mindset Agency Theory
3.2. The Ontology of Mindset Agency Theory
3.3. Illustrating Instability–Pathology Shifts
3.4. From Traits to Mindsets
3.5. Agency and Multiple Identity Theory
- Private identity is primary in that it constitutes a mind that reflects personal values, beliefs, goals, and motivations, and is influenced by emotions, memories, and experiences. This identity is not usually shared with others, unless there is a high level of trust and intimacy.
- Personal identity is secondary and is displayed to others in interpersonal interactions, reflecting attributes like self-image, self-esteem, self-confidence, and self-expression. This identity may vary depending on the context and the audience, but it is generally consistent with private identity.
- Public identity is tertiary, relates to a larger social environment, and reflects social roles, norms, expectations, and obligations. This identity may be imposed or chosen, but it is usually visible and recognisable by others.
3.6. Configuring Traits
4. Configuring MAT with the Social Organisation Paradigm
4.1. The Social Organisation Paradigm
4.2. The Tönnies–Triandis Cognition Connection
4.3. The Tönnies–Triandis Affect Connection
5. Relating MAT and Cognitive Style
5.1. Configuring Sociocognitive Style
5.2. Multiple Contexts
5.3. The Determinant for Sociocognitive Style
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
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Period | Cultural State | Dominant Culture | Dominant/Subordinate Pathologies | Sociopolitical and Economic Consequences |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mycenaean and Greek Dark Age (1200–1000 BCE) | Stable | Sensate | Subordinate: Hedonism, corruption | Collapse of civilisation, loss of literacy, population decline, decline in trade, production, and innovation, warfare and raids by various groups |
Greek Uncertainty (1000–900 BCE) | Transitional | Mixed | Dominant: Confusion, conflict, nihilism | Rise of city-states, emergence of democracy, cultural diversity, growth in trade, colonisation, and coinage, hoplite warfare |
Archaic Greece (900–550 BCE) | Stable | Ideational (Active then Ascetic) | Subordinate: Decadence, corruption, cynicism | Expansion of empire, cultural assimilation, civil wars, heavy taxation, slavery, and public works, tyranny and autocracy |
Classical Greece (550–320 BCE) | Transitional | Idealistic | Subordinate: Violence, chaos, anarchy | Fall of empire, migration of peoples, cultural fragmentation, collapse of trade, currency, and urbanisation, major Peloponnesian War * |
Hellenistic—Roman (320–400 BCE) | Stable | Sensate (Active, Passive and Cynical) | Subordinate: Fanaticism, intolerance, persecution | Rise of feudalism, spread of Christianity, crusades, development of agriculture, guilds, and banking, major wars of conquest and resistance *, despotism and oppression |
Barbarianism (400–600 CE) | Transitional | Mixed | Dominant: Nihilism, moral ambiguity, social unrest | Globalisation, multiculturalism, social movements, diversification of industries, services, and technologies, major violence, chaos, and anarchy |
Middle Ages (600–1200 CE) | Stable | Ideational (Active then Ascetic) | Subordinate: Hedonism, corruption | Collapse of civilisation, loss of literacy, population decline, decline in trade, production, and innovation, religious wars, fanaticism, intolerance, and persecution |
High Middle Ages to Renaissance (1200–1600 CE) | Transitional | Idealistic | Subordinate: Confusion, conflict, nihilism | Rise of city-states, emergence of democracy, cultural diversity, growth in trade, colonisation, and coinage, innovation, exploration, and humanism |
Rationalism, Age of Science (1600–1844 CE) | Stable | Sensate (Active, Passive) | Subordinate: Decadence, corruption, cynicism | Expansion of empire, cultural assimilation, civil wars, heavy taxation, slavery, and public works, rationality, empiricism, and progress, absolutism and divine right |
Extended postmodernism (1933 CE) | Transitional | Sensate-cynical and Mixed | Dominant: Violence, chaos, anarchy | Fall of empire, migration of peoples, cultural fragmentation, collapse of trade, currency, and urbanisation, major World Wars, nihilism, moral ambiguity, and social unrest |
Agency Trait | Bipolar Type | Value System Elements |
---|---|---|
Sustentive Cultural (cognition) dimension of agency | Sensate | Sensory and material reality, pragmatism, becoming, happiness, external orientation, instrumentality, and empiricism |
Ideational | Super-sensory reality, morality, tradition, creation, self-examination, internal orientation, and spirituality | |
Sustentive cognitive dimension of dispositional personality | Intellectual Autonomy | Individual uniqueness, expression, meaning, and independence |
Embeddedness | Social relationships, identification, participation, shared goals, order, tradition, security, and wisdom | |
Figurative dimension of dispositional personality | Mastery + Affective autonomy | Self-assertion, mastery, direction, change, monism, egocentric or altruistic ends, and meaningfulness |
Harmony | Understanding, appreciation, pluralism, unity with nature, environmental protection, and world peace | |
Operative dimension of dispositional personality | Hierarchy | Hierarchical roles, obligations, rules, authority, legitimacy, power, and benefit of the organisation |
Egalitarianism | Moral equality, co-operation, concern, choice, negotiation, service, and welfare of everyone | |
Operative social dimension of agency | Dramatising | Interpersonal events, communication, narrative, belief systems, social contracts, individual benefit, and ideocentric agencies |
Patterning | Configurations, curiosity, relationships with individuals |
Agency Trait | Bipolar Type | Value System Elements |
---|---|---|
Sustentive Emotional Climate dimension of agency | Fear | Seeks isolation due to fear, non-cooperative due to insecurity and anxiety, potential for aggression, concern cause by being scared. |
Security | Trusting, confident, satisfied with situation, solidarity with others, is encouraged, hopeful. | |
Sustentive affect/emotional attitude dimension of dispositional personality | Stimulation | Context positive as an assertion for dominance in emotional attitude: passionate, emotional and sensitive, full of joy and exuberance, tend to be delighted by experiences, seek exiting situations that might provide ecstasy, elation and joviality. Openness, serene, intense, independent and quire creative. Context negative as a demand for conjoint balance with containment: tend to be angry and hostile, may tend to panic and paranoia, be susceptible to annoyance, rage, disgust and, grief. This may emerge as outburst from apparent containment. |
Containment | Dependability, restraint, self-possession, self-containment, self-control, self-discipline, self-governance, self-mastery, self-command, moderateness and continence. | |
Figurative (motivation activation) dimension of dispositional personality | Ambition | Aspiration, intention, enthusiasm for initiative, objectives important, desire, hope and wish, enterprise, craving or longing for something appealing, ardour is important, aggressiveness, the killer instinct. |
Protection | Safety and stability/security, defensive shield for immunity/salvation, safekeeping, conservation, a need for insurance, preservation and safeguard. | |
Operative (emotion management) dimension of dispositional personality | Dominance | Control, domination and rule for supremacy and hegemony, power seeking, situational pre-eminence, sovereignty, ascendancy, authority and command over dominion, susceptibility for narcissism and vanity. |
Submission | Compliance, conformity, obedience, subordination and subjection, allegiances, deference, observance, lack of resistance, loyalty, devotion, passiveness, fealty, resignation, homage, fidelity. | |
Operative social affect dimension of agency | Missionary | Imposition of ideas on others, encourages others to be a proponent of the ideas by converting or heralding or promoting them to others, potential as a propagandist and revivalist. |
Empathetic | Accepting, compassionate, sensitive, sympathetic. |
Agency Mindset | Trait | Polar Value | Summary of Nature | Alternative Polar Value | Summary of Nature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognition-Type Agency | |||||
Personality | Cognitive | Intellectual autonomy | Leads an agency towards Individualism | Embeddedness | Centres on group identification and Collectivism |
Figurative | Mastery + Affective Autonomy | Concerned with self-assertion | Harmony | Accept situations as they are | |
Operative | Hierarchy | Supports ascription of individuals to given roles | Egalitarianism | Others are seen to be equal | |
Sociocultural | Cultural | Sensate | Seeks material things such as money or power | Ideational | Seeks cognitive values such as friendship or love |
Social | Patterning | Social relationship configurations, collective benefit, action delay through observation | Dramatising | Interpersonal relations, self-interest and individual benefit, action-oriented | |
Affect-Type Agency | |||||
Personality | Affective emotional attitude | Stimulation | May be context positive or negative | Containment | Supporting self-discipline and continuance |
Figurative motivation activation | Ambition | Aspirations and goals | Protection | Safety or preservation | |
Operative emotion management | Dominance | Control and supremacy | Submission | Compliance and subordination | |
Sociocultural | Cultural emotion climate | Fear | Insecurity and uncooperative | Security | Trusting, solidarity, hopeful |
Social | Missionary | Imposing and promoter | Empathetic | Accepting and sympathetic |
Affect Mindset | Trait | Cognition Mindset | Trait |
---|---|---|---|
Stimulation Oriented | Individualism/Intellectual Autonomy Oriented | ||
DS: Dominant Sanguine | Stimulation | HI: Hierarchical Individualism | Intellectual Autonomy |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective Autonomy | ||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||
MD: Moderate Sanguine | Stimulation | EI: Egalitarian Individualism | Intellectual Autonomy |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective Autonomy | ||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||
RM: Reformer Melancholic | Stimulation | HS: Hierarchic Synergism | Intellectual Autonomy |
Protection | Harmony | ||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||
SM: Subversive Melancholic | Stimulation | ES Egalitarian Synergism/Social Anarchism | Intellectual Autonomy |
Protection | Harmony | ||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||
Containment Oriented | Collectivism Orientated | ||
EC: Expansive Choleric | Containment | HP: Hierarchical Populism | Embeddedness |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective Autonomy | ||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||
DC: Defensive Choleric | Containment | HC: Hierarchical Collectivism | Embeddedness |
Protection | Harmony | ||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||
CP: Compliant Phlegmatic | Containment | EP: Egalitarian Populism | Embeddedness |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective Autonomy | ||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||
DP: Dormant Phlegmatic Fatalism | Containment | EC: Egalitarian Harmony Collectivism | Embeddedness |
Protection | Harmony | ||
Submission | Egalitarianism |
Affect Mindsets | Cognition Mindsets | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mindset Types | Affect Traits | Mindset Types | Cognition Trait | ||
Personality Traits | Agency Trait Options | Personality Traits | Agency Trait Options | ||
Stimulation Oriented | Individualism Oriented | ||||
DS: Dominant Sanguine | Stimulation | Missionary Security | HI: Hierarchical Individualism | Intellectual Autonomy | Dramatising Sensate |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective autonomy | ||||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||||
MD: Moderate Sanguine | Stimulation | Missionary Security | EI: Egalitarian Individualism | Intellectual Autonomy | Dramatising Sensate |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective autonomy | ||||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||||
RM: Reformer Melancholic | Stimulation | Missionary Security | HS: Hierarchical Synergism | Intellectual Autonomy | Patterning Sensate |
Protection | Harmony | ||||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||||
SM: Subversive Melancholic | Stimulation | Fear Security | ES: Egalitarian Synergism | Intellectual Autonomy | Patterning Sensate |
Protection | Harmony | ||||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||||
ContainmentOriented | Collectivism Oriented | ||||
EC: Expansive Choleric | Containment | Fear Empathetic | HP: Hierarchical Populism | Embeddedness | Dramatising Ideational |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective autonomy | ||||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||||
CP: Compliant Phlegmatic | Containment | Fear Empathetic | EP: Egalitarian Populism | Embeddedness | Dramatising Ideational |
Ambition | Mastery + Affective autonomy | ||||
Submission | Egalitarianism | ||||
DC: Defensive Choleric | Containment | Fear Missionary | HC: Hierarchical Collectivism | Embeddedness | Patterning Ideational |
Protection | Harmony | ||||
Dominance | Hierarchy | ||||
DP: Dormant Phlegmatic Fatalism | Containment | Fear Empathetic | EC: Egalitarian Collectivism | Embeddedness | Patterning Ideational |
Protection | Harmony | ||||
Submission | Egalitarianism |
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Yolles, M.; Rautakivi, T. Diagnosing Complex Organisations with Diverse Cultures—Part 1: Agency Theory. Systems 2024, 12, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12010008
Yolles M, Rautakivi T. Diagnosing Complex Organisations with Diverse Cultures—Part 1: Agency Theory. Systems. 2024; 12(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleYolles, Maurice, and Tuomo Rautakivi. 2024. "Diagnosing Complex Organisations with Diverse Cultures—Part 1: Agency Theory" Systems 12, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12010008