Renewable Energy-Based DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Management System Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- Integrating renewable energy systems with electric vehicles can lower harmful emissions and increase resource efficiency by providing energy storage.
- The development of a DC microgrid driven by non-polluting energy sources that are capable of efficiently and effectively balancing power to satisfy load demand and charging electric vehicles.
- Combining the advantages of fuzzy logic control with the sparrow search algorithm to determine the optimal microgrid regulation parameters for different environmental scenarios.
- Utilizing intelligent hybrid energy management control effectively to address fluctuations in a microgrid and enable EV charging.
- Power management in the DC bus, irrespective of the variations in the irradiance and the load uncertainties using hybrid SSA and Fuzzy controller.
3. System Architecture
4. Control Strategy
Proposed Intelligent Hybrid Control with Fuzzy and Sparrow Search Algorithm
- Step 1
- 2.
- Step 2
- 3.
- Step 3
- 4.
- Step 4
5. Results and Simulation
- Case (i). The effect of the system under solar PV irradiance variation is explained.
- Case (ii). Stable charging of the EV with variations in the SoC of the storage battery.
Discussion and Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
e | Dimension of the problem |
n | Number of sparrows |
T | Travel direction of sparrows in range [−1,1] |
SF | Safety threshold |
M | Dimension of the matrix in 1 × e |
Pij(t) | Position of the ith sparrow in jth position. |
A2 | Alarm range [0,1] |
V | Random value in normal distribution |
a | Random value range [0,1] |
E | Matrix of 1 × e with random elements |
qi | Sparrow fitness value |
qg | Best fitness value |
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Error | Change in Error | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EL | EM | ES | Z | OS | OM | OL | |
Z | OL | OM | OS | OS | ZO | OS | ZO |
O1 | OS | OS | OM | OS | LN | EM | EM |
O2 | OL | OM | OM | OM | ZO | ES | ES |
O3 | LN | EM | ES | ZO | ES | OM | OL |
O4 | OM | OS | OS | ZO | OS | OS | OS |
O5 | OS | OS | OM | OM | ZO | ES | LN |
O6 | ZO | OS | OM | ZO | ES | EM | LN |
Component | Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|
Fuel Cell | Number of Cells | 65 |
Nominal Stack Efficiency | 55% | |
Operating Temperature | 65 Celsius | |
Nominal Air Flow Rate | 300 Ipm | |
Nominal Supply Pressure | 1.5 bar | |
Nominal Composition (H2, O2, H2O) | (99, 21, 1) | |
Fuel Cell Resistance | 2.3677 ohms | |
Nerst Voltage of one Cell | 1.2101 V | |
Stack Power (Maximal) | 7000 W | |
Solar PV | Temperature | 25 °C |
Irradiance | 1000 | |
Series Connected Modules Per | 8 | |
Power | 2000 W | |
Parallel Strings | 1 | |
Open Circuit Voltage | 37.3 V | |
Short Circuit Current | 8.15 V | |
Number of Cells | 60 | |
Solar PV Boost Converter | Input Resistance Inductor | 12 |
Input Capacitor | 0.48 µF | |
Input Inductance | 1.2 mH | |
Fuel Cell Boost Converter | Input Resistance | 2.36 Ω |
Input Capacitor | 0.13 µF | |
Output Capacitor | 0.16 µF | |
Input Inductance | 3.6 mH | |
Bidirectional Converter | Inductance | 1.4 µF |
Input Capacitor | 1.16 mH | |
Li-ion battery | Capacity | 48 Ah |
Terminal Voltage | 250 V |
Optimization Technique | Time Period | Power (W) |
---|---|---|
Hybrid SSA | 0.4 | 3900 |
0.5 | 3980 | |
PSO | 0.4 | 3800 |
0.5 | 3900 |
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Mohan, H.M.; Dash, S.K. Renewable Energy-Based DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Management System Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging System. Systems 2023, 11, 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11060273
Mohan HM, Dash SK. Renewable Energy-Based DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Management System Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging System. Systems. 2023; 11(6):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11060273
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohan, Harin M., and Santanu Kumar Dash. 2023. "Renewable Energy-Based DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Management System Supporting Electric Vehicle Charging System" Systems 11, no. 6: 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11060273