AatMatch: Adaptive Adversarial Training in Semi-Supervised Learning Based on Data-Driven Decision-Making Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, we propose a novel momentum update model specifically designed to evaluate the learning effect of each class. The traditional approach of using historical information in semi-supervised learning may lead to serious consistency problems. However, incorporating an additional model can address this issue without compromising the training process.
- Secondly, we introduce an adaptive adversarial training method that leverages course learning to generate targeted data augmentations. Specifically, we propose a new data augmentation approach that adds targeted perturbations in the gradient direction of each class based on its learning effect. This approach generates adversarial examples that are both effective and efficient in improving model performance.
- Thirdly, we propose a weight-setting mechanism that assigns weights to each unlabeled data sample based on its confidence level, effectively reducing the negative impact of low-confidence pseudo-labelling on the model.
- Lastly, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed AatMatch algorithm on several different datasets. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and SVHN datasets. The results showcase the potential of our approach to overcome the challenge of limited labeled data and demonstrate its potential for practical applications in the real world.
2. Related Work
3. Methodology
3.1. Momentum Model and Adaptive Adversarial Training
3.2. Adaptive Weight
- a linear mapping function, ;
- a concave mapping function, ;
- a convex mapping function, , where is a hyperparameter.
3.3. Total Loss Function
Algorithm 1 AatMatch algorithm |
Require: Batch of labeled examples and their one-hot labels , Batch of unlabeled examples : depth neural network with trainable parameters θ, Confidence threshold τ, unlabeled data ratio µ, momentum coefficient m, weak augmentation , strong augmentation perturbation magnitude ε, number of iterations T. for t = 1 in T do for b = 1 in B do end for for b = 1 in µB do end for for c = 1 to C do Calculate via Equation (2) Calculate and via Equation (3) end for Calculate based on via Equation (9) Compute the loss via Equation (12) Update θ′ via Equation (1) end for return θ |
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Datasets
- CIFAR-10 [25] is a dataset with 60,000 images of shape 32 32 evenly distributed across 10 classes. There are 6000 images in each class, 5000 of which constitute the training set, and the remaining 1000 images are used as the test set.
- CIFAR-100 [25] is a dataset with 60,000 images of shape 32 32 evenly distributed across 100 classes. There are 600 images in each class, 500 of which constitute the training set, and the remaining 100 images are used as the test set.
- SVHN (Street View House Number) [26] is a dataset of street view house numbers, in which each example is of shape 32 32. It consists of 10 classes, 73,257 training samples, and 26,032 test samples.
4.2. Experimental Set
4.3. Results and Analysis
4.4. Ablation Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | 40 Labels | 250 Labels | 4000 Labels |
---|---|---|---|
Fully Supervised | 4.62 ± 0.05 | ||
Model | 74.34 ± 1.76 | 53.21 ± 1.29 | 17.41 ± 0.59 |
Pseudo Label | 74.61 ± 0.26 | 49.98 ± 2.20 | 16.21 ± 0.19 |
Mean Teacher | 70.09 ± 1.60 | 47.32 ± 3.30 | 10.36 ± 0.21 |
VAT | 74.66 ± 2.12 | 36.03 ± 1.79 | 11.05 ± 0.12 |
MixMatch | 47.54 ± 6.48 | 11.08 ± 0.59 | 6.24 ± 0.26 |
ReMixMatch | 14.50 ± 2.58 | 9.21 ± 055 | 4.88 ± 0.05 |
UDA | 29.05 ± 3.75 | 8.76 ± 0.06 | 5.29 ± 0.07 |
CoMatch | 5.44 ± 0.05 | 5.33 ± 0.12 | 4.29 ± 0.04 |
FixMatch | 8.39 ± 3.35 | 5.07 ± 0.33 | 4.31 ± 0.15 |
FlexMatch | 5.22 ± 0.06 | 4.98 ± 0.05 | 4.29 ± 0.01 |
AatMatch | 4.75 ± 0.32 | 4.65 ± 0.09 | 4.16 ± 0.13 |
Method | 400 Labels | 2500 Labels | 10,000 Labels |
---|---|---|---|
Fully Supervised | 19.27 ± 0.03 | ||
Model | 86.96 ± 0.8 | 58.80 ± 0.66 | 36.65 ± 0.0 |
Pseudo Label | 87.45 ± 0.85 | 57.74 ± 0.28 | 36.55 ± 0.24 |
Mean Teacher | 81.11 ± 1.44 | 45.17 ± 1.06 | 31.75 ± 0.23 |
VAT | 85.20 ± 1.4 | 46.84 ± 0.79 | 32.14 ± 0.19 |
MixMatch | 67.59 ± 0.66 | 39.76 ± 0.48 | 27.78 ± 0.29 |
ReMixMatch | 57.10 ± 1.05 | 34.77 ± 0.45 | 26.18 ± 0.23 |
UDA | 46.39 ± 1.59 | 33.13 ± 0.21 | 22.49 ± 0.23 |
CoMatch | 60.98 ± 0.77 | 37.24 ± 0.24 | 28.15 ± 0.16 |
FixMatch | 49.42 ± 0.82 | 28.64 ± 0.16 | 23.18 ± 0.12 |
FlexMatch | 43.21 ± 1.35 | 26.49 ± 0.20 | 21.91 ± 0.15 |
AatMatch | 40.96 ± 0.32 | 26.30 ± 0.09 | 21.64 ± 0.13 |
Method | 40 Labels | 250 Labels | 1000 Labels |
---|---|---|---|
Fully Supervised | 2.13 ± 0.02 | ||
Model | 67.48 ± 0.95 | 13.30 ± 1.12 | 7.16 ± 0.11 |
Pseudo Label | 64.61 ± 5.60 | 15.59 ± 0.95 | 9.40 ± 0.32 |
Mean Teacher | 36.09 ± 3.98 | 3.45 ± 0.03 | 3.27 ± 0.05 |
VAT | 74.74 ± 3.38 | 4.33 ± 0.12 | 4.11 ± 0.2 |
MixMatch | 42.55 ± 14.53 | 4.56 ± 0.32 | 3.69 ± 0.37 |
ReMixMatch | 31.27 ± 18.79 | 5.34 ± 1.09 | 5.34 ± 0.45 |
UDA | 52.63 ± 20.51 | 5.69 ± 0.76 | 2.46 ± 0.24 |
CoMatch | 9.51 ± 5.59 | 2.21 ± 0.20 | 1.96 ± 0.07 |
FixMatch | 7.65 ± 1.18 | 2.64 ± 0.64 | 2.36 ± 0.10 |
FlexMatch | 8.19 ± 3.20 | 6.59 ± 2.29 | 6.72 ± 0.30 |
AatMatch | 2.14 ± 0.29 | 2.19 ± 0.30 | 2.12 ± 0.23 |
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Li, K.; Lian, Q.; Gao, C.; Zhang, F. AatMatch: Adaptive Adversarial Training in Semi-Supervised Learning Based on Data-Driven Decision-Making Models. Systems 2023, 11, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050256
Li K, Lian Q, Gao C, Zhang F. AatMatch: Adaptive Adversarial Training in Semi-Supervised Learning Based on Data-Driven Decision-Making Models. Systems. 2023; 11(5):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050256
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Kuan, Qianzhi Lian, Can Gao, and Fuyong Zhang. 2023. "AatMatch: Adaptive Adversarial Training in Semi-Supervised Learning Based on Data-Driven Decision-Making Models" Systems 11, no. 5: 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050256