Hummingbird-Leaves-Reared Black Soldier Fly Prepupae: Assessment of Nutritional and Heavy Metal Compositions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sesbania Grandiflora Leaf Putrefaction
2.2. Rearing and Harvesting
2.3. Nutritional Composition Analyses
2.4. Amino Acid Composition Analysis
2.5. Fatty Acid Composition Analysis
2.6. Heavy Metal Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Larval Development and Prepupae Yield
3.2. Nutritional Analysis
3.3. Amino Acid Analysis
3.4. Fatty Acid Analysis
3.5. Heavy Metal Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macronutrient (%) | Fresh S. grandiflora | Putrefied S. grandiflora | Prepupae Fed with Putrefied S. grandiflora |
---|---|---|---|
Ash | 6.78 ± 0.09 | 12.03 ± 0.20 | 13.95 ± 0.25 |
Crude fat | 4.35 ± 0.09 | 7.98 ± 0.08 | 16.70 ± 0.20 |
Crude fiber | 7.36 ± 0.09 | 8.23 ± 0.12 | 9.57 ± 0.31 |
Crude protein | 29.94 ± 0.09 | 36.19 ± 0.12 | 43.50 ± 0.23 |
Moisture | 72.60 ± 0.12 | 85.07 ± 0.18 | 63.60 ± 0.00 |
Amino Acid (g/kg) | Fresh S. grandiflora | Putrefied S. grandiflora | Prepupae Fed with Putrefied S. grandiflora |
---|---|---|---|
Alanine | 0.49 ± 0.00 | 0.80 ± 0.00 | 6.58 ± 0.20 |
Arginine | 11.0 ± 0.01 | 5.02 ± 0.00 | 25.41 ± 0.12 |
Asparagine | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Aspartid acid | 2.14 ± 0.00 | 0.74 ± 0.00 | 8.04 ± 0.28 |
Carnitine | 24.54 ± 0.03 | 10.30 ± 0.00 | 32.86 ± 0.02 |
Cystine | 1.22 ± 0.00 | 1.85 ± 0.00 | N.D. |
Glutamic acid | 2.99 ± 0.00 | 3.95 ± 0.00 | 9.63 ± 0.01 |
Glutamine | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Glycine | N.D. | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 1.24 ± 0.07 |
Histidine | 18.87 ± 0.02 | 14.57 ± 0.02 | 11.21 ± 0.15 |
Isoleucine | 1.29 ± 0.00 | 1.36 ± 0.00 | 2.10 ± 0.14 |
Leucine | 2.99 ± 0.00 | 3.55 ± 0.00 | 7.56 ± 0.05 |
Lysine | 1.77 ± 0.01 | 1.88 ± 0.00 | 6.58 ± 0.19 |
Methionine | 1.41 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | 4.51 ± 0.00 |
Phenylalanine | N.D. | N.D. | 2.15 ± 0.08 |
Proline | 1.25 ± 0.00 | 5.10 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.05 |
Serine | 3.42 ± 0.00 | 3.05 ± 0.00 | 10.83 ± 0.20 |
Threonine | 4.60 ± 0.00 | 5.42 ± 0.00 | 9.11 ± 0.02 |
Tryptophan | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.00 |
Tyrosine | 5.42 ± 0.00 | 2.47 ± 0.00 | 6.33 ± 0.59 |
Valine | 1.08 ± 0.00 | 0.52 ± 0.00 | 1.02 ± 0.05 |
Fatty Acid Composition (%) | Fresh S. grandiflora | Putrefied S. grandiflora | Prepupae Fed with Putrefied S. grandiflora |
---|---|---|---|
Arachidic C20:0 | 31.60 ± 0.31 | 8.40 ± 0.06 | 1.50 ± 0.00 |
Capric C10:0 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.17 | 1.30 ± 0.00 |
Caproic C6:0 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
Caprylic C8:0 | 0.55 ± 0.30 | 0.80 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
Lauric C12:0 | 1.10 ± 0.00 | 1.60 ± 0.00 | 40.00 ± 0.90 |
Linoleic (alpha) C18:2 | 21.30 ± 0.18 | 9.27 ± 0.09 | 3.10 ± 0.05 |
Linolenic C18:3 | 2.80 ± 0.49 | 2.43 ± 0.19 | N.D. |
Myristic C14:0 | 1.50 ± 0.00 | 3.43 ± 0.03 | 11.10 ± 0.15 |
Oleic C18:1 | 8.50 ± 0.09 | 16.90 ± 0.10 | 12.10 ± 0.20 |
Palmitic C16:0 | 20.20 ± 0.19 | 35.50 ± 0.20 | 19.20 ± 0.45 |
Palmitoleic C16:1 | 1.10 ± 0.00 | 6.67 ± 0.12 | 8.50 ± 0.30 |
Stearic C18:0 | 10.40 ± 0.09 | 13.80 ± 0.07 | 3.20 ± 0.10 |
Heavy Metal (mg/kg) | Prepupae Fed with Putrefied S. grandiflora |
---|---|
Chromium | 0.185 |
Mercury | N.D. |
Selenium | 0.380 |
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Kuppusamy, G.; Kong, C.K.; Segaran, G.C.; Tarmalingam, E.; Herriman, M.; Ismail, M.F.; Mehmood Khan, T.; Low, L.E.; Goh, B.-H. Hummingbird-Leaves-Reared Black Soldier Fly Prepupae: Assessment of Nutritional and Heavy Metal Compositions. Biology 2020, 9, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090274
Kuppusamy G, Kong CK, Segaran GC, Tarmalingam E, Herriman M, Ismail MF, Mehmood Khan T, Low LE, Goh B-H. Hummingbird-Leaves-Reared Black Soldier Fly Prepupae: Assessment of Nutritional and Heavy Metal Compositions. Biology. 2020; 9(9):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090274
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuppusamy, Giva, Chee Kei Kong, Ganeswaran Chandra Segaran, Eliyarajan Tarmalingam, Max Herriman, Mohd Fathil Ismail, Tahir Mehmood Khan, Liang Ee Low, and Bey-Hing Goh. 2020. "Hummingbird-Leaves-Reared Black Soldier Fly Prepupae: Assessment of Nutritional and Heavy Metal Compositions" Biology 9, no. 9: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090274