A Lipidomic Analysis of Leaves of Esca-Affected Grapevine Suggests a Role for Galactolipids in the Defense Response and Appearance of Foliar Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Experimental Design
2.1.1. Grapevine Cultivar and Vineyard Characteristics
2.1.2. Internal and External Inspection of Vines
2.1.3. Collection and Processing of Leaf Samples
2.2. Lipidomic Analyses
2.2.1. Extraction of Compounds
2.2.2. Chromatographic Separations
2.2.3. Data Processing and Identification of Lipids
2.2.4. Statistical Calculations and Data Presentation
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Lipids Species, Hormones and Other Compounds of the Metabolism of Lipids in Grapevine Leaves
3.2. Control Samples versus Asymptomatic Samples
3.3. Control Samples versus Symptomatic Samples (Severity Level 1)
3.4. Control Samples versus Symptomatic Samples (Severity Level 2)
3.5. PCA Highlight of Holistic Differences among Experimental Groups
3.6. Identification of Top Lipid Candidate Markers
3.7. Pathway Enrichment Analysis of Differentially Accumulated Lipid Species
4. Discussion
4.1. Mobile Signals Are Generated in the Fungi-Infected Woods and Systemically Activate a Defense Response in Healthy Leaves
4.2. Except for Galactolipids and Prenol Lipids, There Is a Positive Association between Lipid Levels and Symptom Severity
4.3. Galactolipids Likely Play a Role in the Mechanism Underlying Inhibition of Symptom Formation
4.4. Accumulation of JA in All Stressed Leaves Suggests a Signaling Role in Grapevine Defense Response to ESCA
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CTL | healthy leaves from healthy unaffected control vines |
ASY | healthy leaves from foliar-asymptomatic and wood-symptomatic vines |
SY1 | chlorotic leaves from foliar-symptomatic and wood-symptomatic vines |
SY2 | spotted/scorched leaves from foliar-symptomatic and wood-symptomatic vines |
FA | fatty acids |
DGDG | digalactosyldiacylglycerol |
MGDG | monogalactosyldiacylglycerol |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
NO | nitric oxide |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
PA | phosphatidic acid |
OLE | oleic acid |
SA | salicylic acid |
JA | jasmonic acid |
ET | ethylene |
PCD | programmed cell death |
ALA | α-linolenic acid |
ARA | arachidonic acid |
GTD | grapevine trunk disease |
GLA | γ-linolenic acid |
LA | linoleic acid |
ESCA | Esca complex disease |
PRs | pathogenesis-related proteins |
MS: | mass spectrometry |
GLSD | grapevine leaf stripe disease |
UPLC | ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography |
GC | gas chromatography |
RI | retention index |
PCA | principal components analysis |
UFA | free unsaturated fatty acids |
SFA | free saturated fatty acids |
ACH | arachidic acid |
STE | stearic acid |
HDA | heptadecanoic acid |
AzA | azelaic acid |
ABA | abscisic acid |
PhBA | pheophorbide A |
16:0-LGPE | 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine |
2,4-HBA | 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid |
2R,3R-HBA | 2R,3R-dihydroxybutyric acid |
PhPA | pheophytin A |
ΔOLE | elaidic acid |
SAR | systemic acquired resistance |
G3P | glycerol 3-phosphate |
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LIPID MAPS Class 1 | Sub-Pathway 2 | KEGG Map 2 | Detection Platform 3 | No of Species |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acyls | Fatty acids, free saturated | 01212 | LC/MS Neg, GC/MS | 16 |
Fatty acyls | Fatty acids, free unsaturated | 01040 | GC/MS | 20 |
Fatty acyls | Fatty acids, hydroxy | 00073 | LC/MS Polar | 7 |
Fatty acyls | Fatty acids, amide and amino | 00061 | LC/MS Pos Early, LC/MS Pos Late | 3 |
Fatty acyls | Fatty acids, dicarboxylate | 00071 | LC/MS Polar | 9 |
NA | Carnitine metabolism | 00260 | LC/MS Pos Early | 5 |
NA | Hormone metabolism | 04075 | LC/MS Neg, LC/MS Polar | 4 |
Glycerolipids | Glycerolipids, monoacyl | 00561 | LC/MS Neg | 5 |
Glycerolipids | Glycerolipids, diacyl | 00561 | LC/MS Pos Late | 3 |
Glycerophospholipids | Galactolipids | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Late | 13 |
Glycerophospholipids | Lyso-galactolipids | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Late, LC/MS Neg | 6 |
Glycerophospholipids | Sulfolipids | 00564 | LC/MS Neg | 3 |
Glycerophospholipids | Phospholipids | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Late | 23 |
Glycerophospholipids | Lyso-phospholipids | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Late | 11 |
NA | Phospholipid metabolism | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Early, LC/MS Polar | 7 |
NA | Choline metabolism | 00564 | LC/MS Pos Early | 4 |
Sphingolipids | Sphingolipids | 00600 | LC/MS Pos Late | 6 |
Sterol lipids | Sterols | 00100 | LC/MS Pos Late | 3 |
Prenol lipids | Tocopherol metabolism | 00130 | LC/MS Pos Late | 3 |
NA | Carotenoid/Chlorophyll metabol | 00860/00906 | LC/MS Pos Late, LC/MS Neg | 7 |
Unknown lipids | NOT APPLICABLE (NA) | NA | LC/MS Neg, LC/MS Pos Early | 50 |
Unknown Lipid | Detection Platform | Retention Indice (RI) | Molecular Ion | ASY/CTL | SY1/CTL | SY2/CTL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X-24686 | LC/MS Pos Early | 1876 | 224.1126 | −0.05 | 0.25 | 0.62 |
X-25260 | LC/MS Neg | 1465 | 315.0721 | −0.07 | 1.43 | 1.32 |
X-24455 | LC/MS Pos Early | 2641 | 237.0867 | 0.20 | 0.82 | 3.64 |
X-24456 | LC/MS Pos Early | 2538 | 237.0866 | 0.17 | 1.14 | 3.11 |
X-24425 | LC/MS Pos Early | 2378 | 130.0974 | −0.20 | −0.19 | 2.12 |
X-23734 | LC/MS Pos Early | 881 | 174.0758 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 2.77 |
X-23512 | LC/MS Neg | 1306 | 267.1084 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.29 |
X-23522 | LC/MS Neg | 1417 | 267.1085 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 0.41 |
X-23780 | LC/MS Pos Early | 2190 | 144.1017 | 0.72 | 0.04 | −0.18 |
X-23911 | LC/MS Neg | 800 | 283.1037 | 0.25 | 0.20 | −0.14 |
X-25880 | LC/MS Pos Early | 2208 | 222.0761 | −0.12 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
X-24432 | LC/MS Pos Early | 618 | 210.0606 | −0.55 | 0.07 | −1.32 |
X-23908 | LC/MS Neg | 1237 | 188.0929 | −0.12 | −1.34 | −1.11 |
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Goufo, P.; Cortez, I. A Lipidomic Analysis of Leaves of Esca-Affected Grapevine Suggests a Role for Galactolipids in the Defense Response and Appearance of Foliar Symptoms. Biology 2020, 9, 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090268
Goufo P, Cortez I. A Lipidomic Analysis of Leaves of Esca-Affected Grapevine Suggests a Role for Galactolipids in the Defense Response and Appearance of Foliar Symptoms. Biology. 2020; 9(9):268. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090268
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoufo, Piebiep, and Isabel Cortez. 2020. "A Lipidomic Analysis of Leaves of Esca-Affected Grapevine Suggests a Role for Galactolipids in the Defense Response and Appearance of Foliar Symptoms" Biology 9, no. 9: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090268