Spaghetti to a Tree: A Robust Phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) Based on Transcriptomes, Molecular and Morphological Data
1
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
2
Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
3
Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
4
Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2020, 9(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040073
Received: 14 March 2020
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Revised: 3 April 2020
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Accepted: 3 April 2020
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Published: 6 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)
Terebelliformia—“spaghetti worms” and their allies—are speciose and ubiquitous marine annelids but our understanding of how their morphological and ecological diversity evolved is hampered by an uncertain delineation of lineages and their phylogenetic relationships. Here, we analyzed transcriptomes of 20 terebelliforms and an outgroup to build a robust phylogeny of the main lineages grounded on 12,674 orthologous genes. We then supplemented this backbone phylogeny with a denser sampling of 121 species using five genes and 90 morphological characters to elucidate fine-scale relationships. The monophyly of six major taxa was supported: Pectinariidae, Ampharetinae, Alvinellidae, Trichobranchidae, Terebellidae and Melinninae. The latter, traditionally a subfamily of Ampharetidae, was unexpectedly the sister to Terebellidae, and hence becomes Melinnidae, and Ampharetinae becomes Ampharetidae. We found no support for the recently proposed separation of Telothelepodidae, Polycirridae and Thelepodidae from Terebellidae. Telothelepodidae was nested within Thelepodinae and is accordingly made its junior synonym. Terebellidae contained the subfamily-ranked taxa Terebellinae and Thelepodinae. The placement of the simplified Polycirridae within Terebellinae differed from previous hypotheses, warranting the division of Terebellinae into Lanicini, Procleini, Terebellini and Polycirrini. Ampharetidae (excluding Melinnidae) were well-supported as the sister group to Alvinellidae and we recognize three clades: Ampharetinae, Amaginae and Amphicteinae. Our analysis found several paraphyletic genera and undescribed species. Morphological transformations on the phylogeny supported the hypothesis of an ancestor that possessed both branchiae and chaetae, which is at odds with proposals of a “naked” ancestor. Our study demonstrates how a robust backbone phylogeny can be combined with dense taxon coverage and morphological traits to give insights into the evolutionary history and transformation of traits.
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Keywords:
phylogenomics; transcriptomics; Annelida; Terebelliformia
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
- Supplementary File 1:
ZIP-Document (ZIP, 1352 KiB)
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Externally hosted supplementary file 1
Doi: 10.17632/7vrfjhbdxs.1
Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/7vrfjhbdxs.1
Description: Supplementary File 1: Commands used for phylogenetic reconstruction and supplementary analyses, Supplementary File 2: Overview of characters and description of each state, Table S1: Voucher, sequencing and assembly statistics for the transcriptome dataset, Table S2: Sequence and voucher information for Sanger-sequenced taxa. Input and output files of the phylogenetic analyses are available at doi:10.17632/7vrfjhbdxs.1.
MDPI and ACS Style
Stiller, J.; Tilic, E.; Rousset, V.; Pleijel, F.; Rouse, G.W. Spaghetti to a Tree: A Robust Phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) Based on Transcriptomes, Molecular and Morphological Data. Biology 2020, 9, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040073
AMA Style
Stiller J, Tilic E, Rousset V, Pleijel F, Rouse GW. Spaghetti to a Tree: A Robust Phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) Based on Transcriptomes, Molecular and Morphological Data. Biology. 2020; 9(4):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040073
Chicago/Turabian StyleStiller, Josefin, Ekin Tilic, Vincent Rousset, Fredrik Pleijel, and Greg W. Rouse. 2020. "Spaghetti to a Tree: A Robust Phylogeny for Terebelliformia (Annelida) Based on Transcriptomes, Molecular and Morphological Data" Biology 9, no. 4: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9040073
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