The Omicron XBB.1 Variant and Its Descendants: Genomic Mutations, Rapid Dissemination and Notable Characteristics
by
, , , , , , and
Raffaele Giancotti
1,†
,
Ugo Lomoio
1,†,
Barbara Puccio
1,†,
Giuseppe Tradigo
2,
Patrizia Vizza
1,
Carlo Torti
1,
Pierangelo Veltri
3 and
Pietro Hiram Guzzi
1,*
1
Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
2
SMARTEST Lab., eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
3
Department of Computer Engineering, Modelling, Electronics and System, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biology 2024, 13(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13020090
Submission received: 4 December 2023
/
Revised: 26 January 2024
/
Accepted: 30 January 2024
/
Published: 1 February 2024
Simple Summary
SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant was isolated in Singapore in 2022. Sequence changes and their relation with spike protein structure is studied with respect to XBB subvariants. Structural and functional distinctions of the variants is also reported. Affonity binding between the spike protein and ACE2 is reported. The relation among sequence and structure has been studied.
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a major threat to human health, has undergone many mutations during the replication process due to errors in the replication steps and modifications in the structure of viral proteins. The XBB variant was identified for the first time in Singapore in the fall of 2022. It was then detected in other countries, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. We study the impact of sequence changes on spike protein structure on the subvariants of XBB, with particular attention to the velocity of variant diffusion and virus activity with respect to its diffusion. We examine the structural and functional distinctions of the variants in three different conformations: (i) spike glycoprotein in complex with ACE2 (1-up state), (ii) spike glycoprotein (closed-1 state), and (iii) S protein (open-1 state). We also estimate the affinity binding between the spike protein and ACE2. The market binding affinity observed in specific variants raises questions about the efficacy of current vaccines in preparing the immune system for virus variant recognition. This work may be useful in devising strategies to manage the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To stay ahead of the virus evolution, further research and surveillance should be carried out to adjust public health measures accordingly.
Keywords:
XBB variant; Omicron; COVID-19; genomic analysis
