Differences in the Diets of Female and Male Red Deer: The Meaning for Sexual Segregation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Study Species
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Diet Composition Analysis
2.4. Diet Quality
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Diet Composition
3.2. Diet Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species/Groups | Males | Females | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AF (%) | RF (%) | AF (%) | RF (%) | |
Arboreous species | 12.44 | 98.04 | 6.34 | 95.31 |
Acacia melanoxylon | 5.72 | 58.82 | 2.26 | 45.31 |
Castanea sativa | 2.08 | 52.94 | 0.62 | 23.44 |
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana | 1.30 | 64.71 | 1.33 | 81.25 |
Fraxinus sp. | 1.47 | 35.29 | 0.77 | 20.31 |
Laurus nobilis | 1.87 | 47.06 | 1.37 | 23.44 |
Herbaceous species | 30.25 | 100.00 | 32.52 | 100.00 |
-Monocots | 27.57 | 100.00 | 30.04 | 100.00 |
Agrostis castellana | 3.48 | 74.51 | 1.93 | 73.44 |
Dactylis glomerata | 4.71 | 84.31 | 7.41 | 93.75 |
Hordeum murinum | 13.80 | 94.12 | 17.15 | 93.75 |
Other Gramineae | 5.58 | 80.39 | 3.55 | 92.19 |
-Other | 2.69 | 68.63 | 2.48 | 75.00 |
Athyrium filix-femina | 1.25 | 66.67 | 1.45 | 60.94 |
Omphalodes nitida | 1.44 | 47.06 | 1.03 | 67.19 |
Shrub species | 50.62 | 100.00 | 55.79 | 100.00 |
Cytisus striatus | 8.93 | 86.27 | 5.48 | 89.06 |
Erica arborea | 1.82 | 72.55 | 2.97 | 81.25 |
Erica australis | 2.50 | 76.47 | 2.96 | 85.94 |
Erica umbellata | 1.44 | 64.71 | 2.73 | 67.19 |
Genista triacanthos | 1.61 | 70.59 | 1.59 | 50.00 |
Pterospartum tridentatum | 21.75 | 92.16 | 32.62 | 100.00 |
Rubus ulmifolius | 1.83 | 45.10 | 0.78 | 45.31 |
Ulex minor | 10.74 | 90.20 | 6.67 | 84.38 |
Other Species | 6.41 | 100.00 | 5.04 | 95.31 |
Species NI | 0.27 | 45.10 | 0.32 | 43.75 |
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Garcia, F.; Alves da Silva, A.; Ruckstuhl, K.; Neuhaus, P.; Coelho, C.; Wang, M.; Sousa, J.P.; Alves, J. Differences in the Diets of Female and Male Red Deer: The Meaning for Sexual Segregation. Biology 2023, 12, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040540
Garcia F, Alves da Silva A, Ruckstuhl K, Neuhaus P, Coelho C, Wang M, Sousa JP, Alves J. Differences in the Diets of Female and Male Red Deer: The Meaning for Sexual Segregation. Biology. 2023; 12(4):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040540
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcia, Fernanda, António Alves da Silva, Kathreen Ruckstuhl, Peter Neuhaus, Catarina Coelho, Muyang Wang, José Paulo Sousa, and Joana Alves. 2023. "Differences in the Diets of Female and Male Red Deer: The Meaning for Sexual Segregation" Biology 12, no. 4: 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040540